Table Of ContentIN THE
POST-COLD WAR ERA:
Does It Have a Future?
IN THE
POST-COLD WAR ERA:
Does It Have a Future?
EDITED BY
s.
Victor Papacosma
and Mary Ann Heiss
~
MACMILLAN
ISBN 978-1-349-60838-6 ISBN 978-1-349-60836-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-60836-2
<e S. Victor Papacosma and Mary Ann Heiss, 1995
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995 978-0-312-12130-3
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A catalogue record for thi
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95
To Ruth V. Young
CONTENTS
Preface and Acknowledgments ............................................ ix
Abbreviations ......................................................... xi
I. COntending Counterfactuals: Negative and Positive Assessments
of a Europe without NATO ............................................. 1
1. NATO after Forty-Five Years: A Counterfactual History ................ 3
Lawrence S. Kaplan
2. NATO and the Soviet Bloc: The Limits of Victory .................... 23
Walter L. Hixson
II. NATO's Structure and Strategy ........................................ 39
3. NATO's Structural Clianges for the 1990s .......................... 41
Robert S. jordan
4. NATO's Strategy: Past, Present, and Future ........................ 71
Steven L. Rearden
III. NATO and Interlocking Institutions ................................... 93
5. NATO and the United Nations: Toward a Nonallergic Relationship ....... 95
Alan K. Henrikson
6. NATO and the CSCE: A New Russian Challenge .................... 113
Sean Kay
7. NATO and the European Union ................................ 135
Claude Carlier
IV. NATO and Its Anglo-American Members .............................. 151
8. NATO ana the United States ................................... 153
Sean Kay
9. NATO and the "Special Relationship" ............................ 179
phil Williams and Gary Schailb, jT.
V. NATO's Regional Challenges ......................................... 203
10. NATO and the Former Warsaw Pact States ........................ 205
Boleslaw A. Boczek
11. NATO andthe Balkans ....................................... 245
S. Victor Papacosma
12. NATO and the Middle East: The Primacy of National Interests ......... 279
Mary Ann Heiss
13. NATO and Scandinavia ....................................... 303
Eric S. Einhorn
VI. Official Perspectives ............................................... 327
14. NATO after the January 1994 Summit: The View from Brussels ........ 329
Erika v. C. Bruce
15. Partnership for Peace and the Transformation of North Atlantic Security ... 339
joseph Kruzel
Contributors ......................................................... 347
Index .............................................................. 351
PREFACE
AND
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Over the past fifteen years, the Lyman L. Lemnitzer Center for NATO and
European Community Studies at Kent State University has held many confer
ences on various dimensions of NATO's prominent role and challenges during
the Cold War. These conferences yielded published volumes that detailed NATO's
success in performing its assigned mission of securing peace for its member-states
and averting military confrontation between the superpowers. The center's April
1989 meeting, to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the signing of the
North Atlantic Treaty, marked the end of an era. Within a relatively short period
after this session, the Berlin Wall crumbled, the Soviet Union ceased to exist, and
the Cold War came to an end.
The dramatic changes that followed generated a serious identity crisis for
NATO. Whereas the East-West conflict that characterized the Cold War essentially
defined who would be fighting whom in a future conflict, the uncertain post-1989
years have introduced new and potentially calamitous variables. The lines
between enemies are no longer so clear-cut as they were during the Cold War, and
communism no longer looms as the major threat to peace and stability in
Europe. Despite the facts that hardly a voice has been heard calling for NATO's
dissolution and that states from the former Warsaw Pact are seeking membership,
the alliance's members face the demanding task of redefining NATO's strategic
challenges and formulating appropriate policies and responses for present and
future crises. To wrestle with these new, post-Cold War realities, the Lemnitzer
Center on 8-9 April 1994 convened the conference "NATO after Forty-five Years:
Does It Have a Future?" from which the essays in this volume were drawn.
The following articles combine to present a comprehensive investigation
into NATO and its diverse problems, providing relevant historical background
before analyzing recent conditions and projecting into the future. Two opening
essays offer alternative assessments of NATO's accomplishments during the Cold
War and are followed by others dealing with NATO's structural changes for the
1990s, NATO's shifting strategy, and NATO's developing connections with other
international organizations, such as the United Nations, CSCE, and the European
Union. The articles in the next two sections focus on NATO's association with the
United States, the Anglo-American" special relationship," and the alliance's rela
tionship with the former Warsaw Pact states, the Balkans, the Middle East, and
x NATO IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA: DOES IT HAVE A FUTURE?
Scandinavia. The two final contributions offer the perspectives of officials from
NATO and the U.S. government on recent NATO initiatives, particularly the
Partnership for Peace.
The editors wish to express their special appreciation to the NATO Office of
Information and Press for financially supporting the conference and to Karen
Aguilar, U.S. liaison officer in that office, who with enthusiasm and creativity
offered critical input for technical and other arrangements for the conference.
Dr. Erika v.c. Bruce, then director of NATO's Office ofInformation and Press, and
Dr. Joseph Kruzel, U.S. deputy assistant secretary of defense for NATO and
European policy, took time out of their extremely busy schedules to present
important papers during the conference. Panel chairs and discussants at the
conference included Robert W. Clawson (Kent State University), James P. Cross
(Heidelberg College), Leon Hurwitz (Cleveland State University), Chester T.
Pach (Ohio University), Dennison Rusinow (University of Pittsburgh), and
Frederick W. Schroath (Kent State University).
Dr. Mark R. Rubin, director of Kent's Center for International and
Comparative Programs (CICP) once again displayed his marvelous expertise in
dealing with logistical matters and other conference arrangements-as well as his
talent as a translator/interpreter for one of the conference submissions. Phyllis
Dreyer, CICP and Lemnitzer Center administrative secretary, had to deal with the
totality of conference details and always responded with efficiency and a smile.
Sandy Baker, CICP's administrative assistant, skillfully tackled budgetary prob
lems. Student assistants providing important services during the conference were
Tom Davis, Lynette Johnson, Denise Schneider, and William Smith.
A special debt of gratitude must be extended to two individuals. Dr. Lawrence
S. Kaplan, director emeritus of the Lemnitzer Center, has maintained his dynamic
involvement in the center's activities and contributed vitally from the first plan
ning stages to the April 1994 conference's success. Now retired, Ruth V. Young,
the Lemnitzer Center's administrative assistant for more than ten years, con
tributed so much to the activities of the center and to those associated with it
- through her management artistry, spirited personality, creative ideas, and
unflagging optimism-that we greatly miss her but also appreciate and draw on
the rich legacy that she bequeathed us.
S. VICTOR PAPACOSMA
MARY ANN HEISS
ABBREVIATIONS
ABM antiballistic missile (system)
ACCHAN Allied Command Channel
ACE Allied Command Europe
AF Augmentation Force
AFCENT Allied Forces Central Europe
AFNORTH Allied Forces Northern Europe
AFNORTHWEST Allied Forces North West Europe
AlOC Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
BALTAP Baltic Approaches Command
CEE Central and Eastern Europe
CENTCOM Central Command
CFE Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CJTF Combined Joint Task Forces
COMNAVSOUTH Commander Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe
COS chiefs of staff
CPC Conflict Prevention Center
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
DPC Defense Planning Committee
EC European Community
EEC European Economic Community
EFTA European Free Trade Association
ESDI European Security and Defense Identity
Eli European Union
Eurocorps European Corps
FCMA Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
FOFA follow-on-forces attack
FSC Forum for Security Cooperation
FSU Former Soviet Union
FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters
GDM Group of Defense Ministers
GLCM ground-launched cruise missile
HLG High Level Group
xii NATO IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA: DOES IT HAVE A FUTURE?
ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile (system)
IMS International Military Staff
JNA Yugoslav People's Army
LRTNF long-range theater nuclear force
MC Military Committee
MDF main defense force
MILREP Military Representative
MLF multilateral force
MNC Major NATO Commands
MSC Major Subordinate Commands
NAC North Atlantic Council
NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council
NPG Nuclear Planning Group
NPT Nonproliferation Treaty
OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
PASOK Panhellenic Socialist Movement
PERM REP Permanent Representative
PFP Partnership for Peace
PGM precision guided munitions
PMSC Political Military Steering Committee
PSC Principal Subordinate Command
R&D research and development
RF reaction forces
SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe
SACLANT Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
SOl Strategic Defense Initiative
SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe
SIGINT signal intelligence
SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile
SOFA status of forces agreements
SSBN nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine
TNF theater nuclear force
TSG technical subgroup
UKAIR United Kingdom Air Forces
UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force
WEU Western European Union
