Table Of ContentNATO and the Transatlantic Alliance in the 21st Century
Also by Geoffrey Lee Williams
CRISIS IN EUROPEAN DEFENCE (with Alan Lee Williams)
* THE EUROPEAN DEFENCE INITIATIVE: Europe’s Bid for Equality
(with Alan Lee Williams)
* LABOUR’S DECLINE AND THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS’ FALL
DENIS HEALEY AND THE POLICIES OF POWER (with Bruce Reed)
THE PERMANENT ALLIANCE: The European–American Partnership
GLOBAL DEFENCE: Defence in a Nuclear-Missile Age
Also by Barkley Jared Jones
BRITISH PUBLIC OPINION TOWARDS THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND
AMERICA AFTER THE COLD WAR
* From the same publishers
NATO and the
Transatlantic Alliance
in the 21st Century
The Twenty-Year Crisis
Geoffrey Lee Williams
Director
The Institute of Economic and Political Studies
Cambridge
and
Barkley Jared Jones
Senior Research Fellow of the Atlantic Council of the UK
Darwin College
University of Cambridge
© Geoffrey Lee Williams and Barkley Jared Jones 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-65764-5
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court
Road,London W1P 0LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified
as the authors of this work in accordance with the
Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2001 by
PALGRAVE
Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and
175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVEis the new global academic imprint of
St.Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and
Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd).
ISBN 978-1-349-39753-2 ISBN 978-0-230-59907-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230599079
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Williams,Geoffrey Lee.
NATO and the transatlantic alliance in the 21st century :
the twenty-year crisis / Geoffrey Lee Williams and
Barkley Jared Jones.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.North Atlantic Treaty Organization.2.Security,
International.3.World politics—1989– I.Jones,Barkley
Jared.II.Title.
UA646.3 .W56 2000
355'.031091821—dc21
00–053062
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
To Janice
and
Randa
for their support and forbearance
during the lengthy period of research
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
ListofAbbreviations xii
IntroductionandPrologue:TheEndofTotalWar? 1
1 TheArtofDefencePlanning 15
2 TheEuropeanDefenceandSecurityDebate:
theLastFiftyYears 28
3 TheOriginsandDevelopmentofAtlanticism 49
4 Neo-Atlanticism:RenewingtheRelationship 61
5 TheDeclineoftheWesternEuropeanUnion 69
6 NATO’sExpansion:theEndortheBeginningof
CollectiveDefence? 80
7 CollectiveSecurityorCollectiveDefence? 87
8 NATO:theDrivingForcesandPredeterminedElements 97
9 NATO:post-GaullistRealismandtheRealityofAlliance 108
10 FrenchDefenceFirmsinTransition 118
11 Britain’sDefenceDiversificationDilemma 129
12 Germany’sUniqueOpportunity:Converting
aTwo-headedMonster 142
13 TheUSPresidentandDefencePriorities 152
14 LeadershipforDefenceTransition? 160
15 PeaceAdvocatesandTradeUnions:Defence
Restructuring’sUnlikelyAlliance 164
16 DefendingConversioninCongressduringthe
Clinton–GoreAdministration 177
vii
viii Contents
17 TheFutureofInternationalTerrorism:
theScourgeofthe21stCentury? 187
18 Conclusions:TowardsaMultipolarand
Multi-NuclearWorld 199
Notes 214
Index 242
Preface
TheNorthAtlanticAllianceisabouttoentera20-yearcrisisfromwhich
itislikelytoemergegreatlystrengthenedandwitharenewedmandate
forthenext50years.TheperiodofcrisiswillcentreonNATO’srelation-
shipwithRussia,theissuesarisingfromtheenlargementofNATOand
theentryofcountrieswhosestrategicpositionwillremainvulnerableto
any real recrudescence of Russian power over the next two decades.
Problems also will arisefor theAlliancein respect to itslong-term role
intheBalkansintheaftermathofNATO’senforcementroleinKosovo.
ItisclearthatNATOwillneedtoexpostulateanewdoctrineofhuman-
itarianinterventionconsistentwiththenormsofinternationallaw.
The Alliance will need to examine carefully the level of its defence
expenditure and acquire high intensity capabilities for the modern
battlefieldwhichwillseetheendtotheconscriptarmiesofthepast.It
is a pressing matter to close the widening gap between the USA and
NATO’s European members states. NATO’s new strategic concept calls
for highly mobile, versatile multinational units which, if properly
equipped and deployed, will constitute a genuine military aggrandise-
ment.Thebiggestcrisiscentresonthelong-termrelationship between
NATOandtheEUinrespectofsecurityanddefenceresponsibilities.As
wegotoprint,KosovoprovidedclearevidenceofthecrisisinEuropean
securityanddefenceaffairs.IntheairduringOperationAlliedForce,NATO
nearly became a virtual alliance with the US providing 80 per cent of
the firepower; its allies lacked reconnaissance and surveillance aircraft,
precision-guided and long-range weapons and even bombs. Although
Europehasnearly2millionmenandwomenunderarmscomparedto
America’s 1.45 million, the European members of NATO could not
have copedwiththeenforcementoperationinKosovowithout crucial
Americanintervention.ThissituationconstitutesthecrisisforNATO.If
thesedefectsarenotremoved,NATOwillbecomeavirtualallianceand
politicalclubthatceasestobeamilitaryalliancecapableofdefendingthe
interestsofitsmembersandincreasinglyincapableofpowerprojection
tothecrisisspotsbeyonditsterritorialintegrity.
GeoffreyLeeWilliams
BarkleyJaredJones
Cambridge
ix
