Native Languages of the Americas: Volume 2

540 Pages·1977·20.37 MB·English

by  Jorge A. Suarez (auth.), Thomas A. Sebeok (eds.)

Vol. 2
Thomas A. Sebeok Editor
Native Languages
of the Americas
Volume 2
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Native Languages
of the Americas
lb!l
Volume 2
Edited by Thomas A. Sebeok
Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Native languages of the Americas.
Includes index.
1. lndians- Languages. l. Sebeok, Thomas Albert, 1920-
PMI08.N3 497 76-28216
ISBN 978-1-4757-1564-4 ISBN 978-1-4757-1562-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-1562-0
© 1977 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1977
Most of the material in this volume was previously published by
Mouton & Co., in the series Current Trends in Linguistics. The
chapters by Barthel, Grimes, Longacre, Mayers, and Suârez first
appeared in Volume 4: [bera-American and Caribbean Linguistics;
the chapter by McClaran in Volume 10: Lingllistics in Narth Ameri-
ca; the chapters by Kaufman and Rensch in Volume 11: Diachranic,
Areal, and Typalagical Linguistics; "North American Indian Lan-
guages," by Landar in Volume 10: Linguistics in Narth America;
and "Historiography of Native Ibero-American Linguistics," by
Landar in Volume 13: Histariagraphy af Linguistics (©1968, 1973,
1975, Mouton & Co., N.V., Publishers, The Hague).
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
FOREWORD
The publishing history of the eleven chapters that comprise the contents of this
second volume of Native Languages of the Americas is rather different from that of
the thirteen that appeared in Volume I of this twin set late last year. Original ver-
sions of five articles, respectively, by Barthel, Grimes, Longacre, Mayers, and
Suarez, were first published in Part II of Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 4,
subtitled lbero-A merican and Caribbean Linguistics (1968), having been com-
missioned by the undersigned in his capacity as editor of the fourteen volume series
which was distributed in twenty-one tomes between 1963 and 1976. McClaran's
article is reprinted from Part III of Vol. 10. Linguistics in North America (1973)
and the two by Kaufman and Rensch were in Part I I of Vol. 11, Diachronic, A real.
and Typological Linguistics (1973 ). There are three contributions by Landar:
earlier versions of two appeared in Vol. 10 ("North American Indian Languages."
accompanied by William Sorsby's maps of tribal groups of North and Central
America), and in Vol. 13, Historiography of Linguistics (1975); however, his
checklist of South and Central American Indian languages was freshly compiled
for this book.
Generous financial support for preparing the materials included in this project
came from several agencies of the United States government, to wit: the National
Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation, for Vols. 10
and 13, and the Office of Education, for Vols. 4 and 11; in addition. the Canada
Council gave partial aid for Vol. 10. Full particulars of these grants and contracts
are given in my Introductions to the four books mentioned.
As related previously, the Currenr Trends in Linguistics series was a long-term
venture of Mouton Publishers. of The Hague. under the imaginative in-house direc-
tion of Peter de Ridder. Various spin-offs were foreseen, many of them happily
realized by alert publishers all over the world. The demand for pulling together all
the contributions dealing with the native languages of the Americas was particu-
larly insistent; accordingly, I am grateful to the present management of that pub-
lishing house I had been associated with until 1974 for having graciously yielded
this important undertaking to Plenum.
Each of the authors was given an opportunity to correct, update. or otherwise
alter his or her article; a few seized this oportunity even to make major revisions.
Thus at least some of the texts in this book are by no means identical with those
v
VI FOREWORD
published earlier under the same or a corresponding title, so that, as a whole, it
may be viewed as a reasonably up-to-date and comprehensive panoptic conspectus
of the field in the last quarter of our century.
The earlier volume and this one both contain separate indexes of personal names
mentioned in that tome. These were compiled by May Lee. Landar's checklists,
together covering all the native languages of the Western Hemisphere, embody
years of assiduous application to insure that this work will be used as an invaluable
reference tool by a public significantly wider than a strictly academic readership.
The substantive articles comprising the rest are the most authoritative to be found
anywhere, and unlikely to be soon superseded.
My personal experience in the field covered in the compass of this volume is
regrettably sparse, although I did have a brush with Aymara grammar and lexicon
in the 1950s and even managed to produce fairly extensive materials for a dic-
tionary of that language a quarter of a century ago. After the conquest of the area
by emissaries of the Spanish Crown, "the priests of the Church began serious study
of the indigenous languages spoken there," in the words of Norman A. McQuown,
"in order to be able to preach the gospel, to convert and educate the heathen, and
to provide the civil authorities with a linguistic vehicle to facilitate local govern-
ment." For Aymara, the tongue that I know best, and which is still spoken by more
than 600,000 people in Bolivia and Peru, Father P. Ludovico Bertonio, laboring at
the turn of the sixteenth century, produced a stunning grammar ( 1603 ), followed by
an equally magnificient vocabulary (beginning in 161 0). Although his grammar is
superficially based on a Latin model, it is of inestimable worth for our knowledge
of this language at the moment when it was still free of Spanish contamination and
as a base line for its post-Conquest development. Bertonio's books are so subtle, so
profound that neither has as yet been equaled. I emphasize these enduring values to
underline the slow rate of progress in Ii nguistic studies, especially in this area, and
in the hope that contemporary students may approach such past masters of the art,
now largely blended into the tapestry of that era of evangelism, in a becoming spirit
of humility all too rare in my profession.
Bloomington, October 8, 1976
THOMAS A. SEBEOK
CONTENTS
Volume 2
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
PART TWO: CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
Classical Languages, by Jorge A. Suarez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Writing Systems, by Thomas S. Barthel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Descriptive Linguistics, by Joseph E. Grimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Areal Linguistics and Middle America, by Terrence Kaufman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Indigenous Dialectology, by Marvin K. Mayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Comparative Reconstruction of Indigenous Languages, by Robert E. Longacre 99
Mexico, by Marlys McClaran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Otomanguean Isoglosses, by Calvin R. Rensch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Historiography of Native Ibero-American Linguistics, by Herbert Landar.... 185
PART THREE: CHECKLISTS
North American Indian Languages, by Herbert Landar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
South and Central American Indian Languages, by Herbert Landar . . . . . 401
hDE'\ OF NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
\iII
CONTENTS
VoLUME l
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI
PART ONE: NORTH AMERICA
General Chapters
History of American Indian Linguistics, by Harry Hoijer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
American Indian Linguistic Prehistory, by Mary R. Haas......... . . . . . . . . 23
North American Indian Language Contact, by William Bright. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Philological Approaches to the Study of North American Indian Languages:
Documents and Documentation, by I ves Goddard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Native North America, by Herbert Landar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Areal Groupings
Areal Linguistics in North America, by Joel Sherzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Eskimo-Aleut, by Michael E. Krauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Na-Dene, by Michael E. Krauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
The Northwest, by Laurence C. Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
California, by William Shipley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Southwestern and Great Basin Languages, by C. F. and F. M. Voegelin ..... 461
Algonquian, by Karl V. Teeter........................................ 505
Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan, by Wallace L. Chafe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
The Southeast, by Mary R. Haas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
INDEX OF NAMES ........................................... . 613
VI !I
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. JOURNALS AND BOOKS
AAA-M American Anthropological Association. Memoirs (Menasha, Wise.).
AAAS-P Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(Washington, D.C.).
AAcadAS-M American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs (Boston).
AAcadAS-P American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Proceedings (Boston).
AAOJ See AmAnt.
AAUP Bulletin American Association of University Professors. Bulletin (Washington, D.C.).
Acta
Salamanticensia Acta Salamanticensia iussu senatus universitatis edit a. Filosofia y Lettras (Salamanca).
AD American Documentation (Washington, D.C.).
ADD American Dialect Dictionary.
AES-M American Ethnological Society. Memoirs (Seattle).
AES-T American Ethnological Society. Transactions (Seattle).
AFS-M American Folklore Society. Memoirs (Philadelphia).
AGI Archivio Glottologico Italiano (Florence).
AGR American German Review (Philadelphia).
AIAK See PICAm.
AJPh American Journal of Philology (Baltimore).
AJSoc American Journal of Sociology (Chicago).
AL Acta Linguistica Hafniensia. International Journal of Structural Linguistics
(Copenhagen).
ALF L'Atlas linguistique de Ia France. By Gillerion and Edmont. (1902-1912).
ALH Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Budapest).
AmA American Anthropologist (Menasha, Wise.).
AmAnt American Antiquarian (Boston, Mass.).
AmAntiquity American Antiquity (Salt Lake City).
AM CIA See PICAm.
America
Indigena America Indigena (Mexico, D.F., Mexico).
AMNH-M American Museum of Natural History. Memoirs (New York).
Anglia Anglia. Zeitschrift fiir englische Philologie (Tiibingen).
AnL Anthropological Linguistics (Bloomington, Ind.).
Anthropologica Anthropologica. Centre Canadien de Recherches en anthropologie (Universite
d'Ottawa).
IX
X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Anthropos Anthropos. Revue internationale d'ethnologie et de linguistique/Internationale
Zeitschrift fiir Volker- und Sprachenkunde (Freiburg, Switzerland).
AR Anthropological Record (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles).
Archivum Archivum. Revista de Ia Facultad de Filosofia y Letras (Universidad de Oviedo,
Oviedo).
ArchL Archivum Linguisticum. A review of comparative philology and general linguistics
(Glasgow).
ArchSSL Archiv fii.r das Studium der Neueren Sprachen ( und Literatur) (Braunschweig).
AS American Speech. Quarterly of Linguistic Usage (New York).
ASR American-Scandit.avian Review (New York).
ASNS Archiv fii.r das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (Brunswick).
Avg!Phon Archiv fii.r Vergleichende Phonetik (Berlin).
BAAS-R British Association for the Advancement of Science. Annual Report (London).
BAE-B Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin (Washington, D.C.).
BAE-R Bureau of American Ethnology. Annual Report (Washington, D.C.).
BCLC Bulletin du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague (Copenhagen).
BHS Bulletin of Hispanic Studies (Liverpool).
BIA Bilingualism in the Americas. A bibliography and research guide, by Einar Haugen.
PADS 26.
BS Behavioral Science (Ann Arbor, Mich.).
BSL Bulletin de Ia Societe de Linguistique de Paris (Paris).
CAnthr Current Anthropology. A world journal of the science of man (Chicago).
CAlL Conference on American Indian Languages. Conference held in conjunction with
annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association.
CE College English (Chicago).
CEACritic CEA Critic. College English Association (Fullerton, Calif.).
ChiLing University of Chicago Publications in Anthropology. Linguistic Series (Chicago).
CJL/RCL Canadian Journal of Linguistics/ Revue Canadienne de Linguistique (Toronto).
(Formerly JCLA.)
CNAE Contributions to North American Ethnology. Department of the Interior, U.S.
Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. Edited under
the direction of J. W. Powell (Washington, D.C.).
CSIP Canadian Slavonic Papers (Montreal).
CTA Journal California Teachers Association Journal (San Francisco).
CTL 3 Current Trends in Linguistics. Volume 3: Theoretical Foundations, ed. by Thomas
A. Sebeok (The Hague, Mouton & Co., 1966).
CTL4 Current Trends in Linguistics. Volume 4: Ibero-Arnerican and Caribbean Linguistics,
ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok (The Hague, Mouton & Co., 1968).
CTL9 Current Trends in Linguistics. Volume 9: Linguistics in Western Europe, ed. by
Thomas A. Sebeok (The Hague, Mouton & Co., 1972).
CUCA Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology (New York).
DA Dictionary of Americanisms on historical principles. Ed. by M. M. Mathews
(Chicago, 1951).
DAb Dissertation Abstracts. A guide to dissertations and monographs available on
microfilm (Ann Arbor, Mich.).
DAE Dictionary of American English on historical principles. Ed. by Sir William Craigie
and J. R. Hulbert (Chicago, 1938-1944).
Daedalus Daedalus. Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston).
DARE Dictionary of American Regional English. Ed. by F. G. Cassidy. Forthcoming.
DC Dictionary of Canadianisms on historical principles. Ed. by W. S. Avis (Toronto,
1967).
DN Dialect Notes. Volume I (Boston), Volumes II-VI (New Haven).
EDD English Dialect Dictionary.
EE Elementary English. A magazine of the language arts. National Council of Teachers
of English (Champaign, Ill.).
EETS Early English Text Society (London).