Table Of ContentEditor
Thomas A. Sebeok
Native Languages
of the Americas
Volume 1
__- -fFi1------_. ....
Native Languages
of the Americas
lb!I
Volume 1
Edited by Thomas A. Sebeok
Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies
[ndiana University
Bloomington, Indiana
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Pubbeation Data
Main entry under title:
Native languages of the Americas.
lncludes index.
l. Indians-Languages. I. Sebeok, Thomas Albert, 1920-
PM108.N3 497 76-28216
ISBN 978-1-4757-1561-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-1559-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-1559-0
© 197 6 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New Yo rk in 1976
All the material in this volume was previously published by Mauton
& Co., in the series Current Trends in Linguistics. With one excep
tion, all the chapters first appeared in Valurne 10: Linguistics in
North America (© 1973 Mauton & Co., N. V., Publishers, The
Hague). "Native North America," by Herbert Landar. first appeared
in Volume 13: Historiography of Linguistics (©1975 Monton & Co.,
N.V., Publishers, The Hague).
All righ ts rcscrved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, rnechanical, photocopying, microfilrning,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission frorn the Publisher
IN MEMORIAM
Harry Hoijer
September 6, 1904 -March 4, 1976
FOREWORD
Thirteen of the chapters that comprise the contents of this first volume of Native
Languages of the A mericas were originally commissioned by the undersigned in his
capacity as Editor of the fourteen volume series (1963-1976), Current Trends in
Linguistics. All appeared, in 1973, under Part Three of the quadripartite Vol. 10,
subtitled Linguistics in North America. Two additional chaplers are being held
over for the volume to follow shortly, devoted to Central and South American lan
guages and linguistics, where they more appropriately belong. A fourteenth
chapter, on the" Historiography of native North A merican linguistics," was written
similarly by invitation, for Vol. 13, subtitled Historiography of Linguistics,
published in 1975. Both Volumes 10 and 13 were jointly financed by the United
States National Science Foundation and National Endowment for the Humanities,
with an enhancing contribution to the former by the Canada Council. The
generosity of these funding agencies was, of course, previously acknowledged in my
respective Editor's Introductions to the two books mentioned, but cannot be
repeated too often: without their welcome and timely assistance, the global project
could scarcely have been realized on so comprehensive a scale.
The Current Trends in Linguistics series was a long-term venture of Mouton
Publishers, of The Hague, under the imaginative in-house direction of Peter de Rid
der. Various spin-offs were foreseen, and some of them happily realized. The
demand for pulling together all the contributions dealing with the native languages
of the Americas was particularly insistent; accordingly, I am grateful to the present
management of that publishing house I had been associated with until 1974 for
having graciously yielded this important undertaking to Plenum Publishing Cor
poration.
Each of the authors was given an opportunity to correct, update, or otherwise
alter his or her article, and a few even seized this opportunity to make major revi
sions. Thus at least some of the texts in this book are by no means identical with
those published earlier under the same or a corresponding title, so the book, as a
whole, may be viewed as a reasonably fresh and certainly comprehensive panoptic
conspectus of the field in the last quarter of our century.
Both the first and the second volumes contain separate indices of personal names
mentioned in that tome. These were compiled by May Lee. The second volume will
feature two language checklists, one for the area north of the Rio Grande, the other
VII
VIII FOREWORD
covering the remainder of the Western Hemisphere. These are the fruit of years of
labor by Herbert Landar; more about them in the Foreword to the next volume. I
hope that provision of these two sets of guides to the entire contents of this work
will increase its utility as a reference tool concerning the aboriginal tongues still
spoken in the area, and of the past.
The opening article in this volume was written by Harry Hoijer, who died some
months after he gave his consent for its inclusion here, but a few weeks before his
proofs became available. He was my once and only formal teacher in many of the
subjects covered in this book. I was his student on two successive occasions, at two
different institutions: first, in the Department of A nthropology at the University of
Chicago, in the early 1940's, and, several Summers afterwards, in the frame of a
Linguistic Institute held at the University of North Carolina. Although my chosen
pursuit eventually forked off in quite another direction from his, and my few
contributions to North and South American Indian linguistics (viz., Winnebago
and Aymara) have remained altogether inconsequential, his craftsmanship and pro
ficiency made an abiding impression on me as models of scholarship to be emu
lated. The interest that he sparked in me in the languages of this vast region~that
could still be characterized by him in 1946 as being "of greater linguistic diversity
than any other in the world"~has endured, indeed, flourished. In dedicating this
collaborative volume to the memory of this master technician of American Indian
linguistics in its full geographic extent as well as historical depth, I am sure that I
am acting for the profession, not only as represented between these covers, but at
large.
Bloomington, June 1, 1976
THOMAS A. SEBEOK
CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
LIST OF A BBREVIA TIONS ............................................ XI
PART ONE: NORTH AMERICA
General Chapters
History of American Indian Linguistics, by Harry Hoijer .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
American Indian Linguistic Prehistory, by Mary R. Haas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
North American Indian Language Contact, by William Bright. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Philological Approaches to the Study of North American Indian Languages:
Documents and Documentation, by I ves Goddard ..................... 73
Native North America, by Herbert Landar ............................ . 93
Area! Groupings
Areal Linguistics in North America, by Jod Sherzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 121
Eskimo-Aleut, by Michael E. Krauss .................................. 175
Na-Dene, by Michael E. Krauss ...................................... 283
The Northwest, by Laurence C. Thompson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 359
California, by William Shipley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .+27
Southwestern and Great Basin Languages, by C. F. and F. M. Voegelin . . ... 461
Algonquian, by Karl V. Teeter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 505
Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan, by Wallace L. Chafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 527
The Southeast, by Mary R. Haas ..................................... 573
INDEX OF NAMES .................................................. 6\3
IX
CONTENTS
VOLU\<IE 2
FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................. IX
PART TWO: CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
Classical Languages, by Jorge A. Suarez. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Writing Systems, by Thomas S. Barthel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Descriptive Linguistics, by Joseph E. Grimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Areal Linguistics and Middle America, by Terrence Kaufman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Indigenous Dialectology, by Marvin K. Mayers .......................... 89
Comparative Reconstruction of Indigenous Languages, by Robert E. Longacre 99
Mexico, by Marlys McClaran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141
Otomanguean Isoglosses. by Calvin R. Rensch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163
Historiography of Native Ibero-American Linguistics, by Herbert Landar . . .. 185
PART THREE: CHECKLISTS
North American Indian Languages, by Herbert Landar ..... ,............. 207
South and Central American Indian Languages, by Herbert Landar . . . . . . . .. 401
INDEX OF NAMES................................................... 529
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
I. JOURNALS AND BOOKS
AAA-M American Anthropological Association. Memoirs (Menasha, Wisc.).
AAAS-P Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(Washington, D.C.).
AAcadAS-M American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs (Boston).
AAcadAS-P American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Proceedings (Boston).
AAOJ See AmAnt.
AAUP Bulletin American Association of University Professors. Bulletin (Washington, D.C.).
Acta
Salamanticensia Acta Salamanticensia iussu senatus universitatis edita. Filosofia y Lettras (Salamanca).
AD American Documentation (Washington, D.C.).
ADD American Dialect Dictionary.
AES-M American Ethnological Society. Memoirs (Seattle).
AES-T American Ethnological Society. Transactions (Seattle).
AFS-M American Folklore Society. Memoirs (Philadelphia).
AGI Archivio Glottologico Italiano (Florence).
AGR American German Review (Philadelphia).
AIAK See PICArn.
AJPh American Journal of Philology (Baltimore).
AJSoc American Journal of Sociology (Chicago).
AL Acta Linguistica Hafniensia. International Journal of Structural Linguistics
(Copenhagen).
ALF L'Atlas linguistique de la France. By Gillerion and Edmont. (1902-1912).
ALH Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Budapest).
AmA American Anthropologist (Menasha, Wisc.).
AmAnt American Antiquarian (Boston, Mass.).
AmAntiquity American Antiquity (Salt Lake City).
AMCIA See PICArn.
America
lndigena America Indigena (Mexico, D.F., Mexico).
AMNH-M American Museum of Natural History. Memoirs (New York).
Anglia Anglia. Zeitschrift fUr englische Philologie (Tiibingen).
AnL Anthropological Linguistics (Bloomington, Ind.).
Anthropologica Anthropologica. Centre Canadien de Recherches en anthropologie (Universite
d'Ottawa).
XI
