Nationalism and Terror : Ante Pavelic and Ustasha Terrorism From Fascism to the Cold War

480 Pages·2017·18.82 MB·English

by  Pino Adriano and Giorgio Cingolani

Nationalism Terror Nationalism Terror
N
About the Authors
a Table of Contents
and and
t
i
PINO ADRIANO has a degree in History of o
Philosophy (1968, University of Florence). In n Ante Pavelic´ and Ustasha Terrorism Part 1.
25 years of collaboration with the RAI (Radio a The Ustasha Movement From its Origins to 1941
This book covers the full story of the Ustasha, a fascist from Fascism to the Cold War
Televisione Italiana), he directed and wrote l
Chapter 1. Origins
movement in Croatia, from its historic roots to its i
over 100 documentary films about Italian Chapter 2. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
s
downfall. The authors address key questions: In what and Italy
history, culture and art.
m
international context did Ustasha terrorism grow and Chapter 3. Under The Duce’s Wing
Chapter 4. The Regicide
develop? How did this movement rise to power, and
GIORGIO CINGOLANI is lecturer at Chapter 5. From Turin to Zagreb
a
then exterminate hundreds of thousands of innocents?
Department of Economics and Social n
Who was Ante Pavelic´, its leader? Was he a shrewd d Part 2.
Sciences, at the Università Politecnica delle The Ustasha in Power, 1941–45
politician, able to exploit for his independent project T
Marche, Italy. He is author of books, essays
Mussolini’s imperial ambitions, Hitler’s pan-German e Chapter 1. The Independent State of Croatia
and articles on economic, social and political
aims, and the anti-Bolshevism of the Holy See and the r Chapter 2. The Massacres of Serbs, Jews, and Romani
history and he participated in various Chapter 3. Survival Problems for the Independent State
Western bloc? Or was he, consciously or not, a pawn in r
international research projects. Chapter 4. Crisis and the End of the Croatian State
other hands, in a complex international scenario where o
Croatia was only arena among many? And after the r Part 3.
The Ustasha and the Cold War, 1945–59
movement’s collapse, how were several of the most
prominent Ustasha leaders able to evade capture by Chapter 1. War Criminals on the Run
Tito’s victorious army? Chapter 2. Camps and Monasteries: the Ustasha Return
to Italy
The book places the appearance of the Ustasha
Chapter 3. The Anticommunist Crusade
movement not only in the context of the interwar Chapter 4. Toward The New World
G
Kingdom of Yugoslavia but also in the wider Chapter 5. The Ustasha In Argentina
io P
perspective of the emergence of European fascism. i
r n Epilogue
g
o
i The Question of the Ustasha between Yugoslavia
o
A and the Vatican, 1952–72
C d
i r
n i Bibliography
g a
o n Index
l o
a
n
i
ISBN 978-963-386-206-3
90000 >
Central European University Press
Pino Adriano Giorgio Cingolani
and
Budapest – New York
Cover photo: Ante Pavelic´ greets the members
Sales and information: [email protected]
of the Parliament, 1942. Source: Wikimedia Commons
Website: http://www.ceupress.com
COVER DESIGN BY SEBASTIAN STACHOWSKI
Nationalism Terror
and
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Nationalism Terror

and
Ante Pavelic´ and Ustasha Terrorism
from Fascism to the Cold War
Pino Adriano Giorgio Cingolani
and
Translated by
Riccardo James Vargiu
Central European University Press
Budapest–New York
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Copyright © by Pino Adriano and Giorgio Cingolani, 2018
English translation © by Riccardo James Vargiu, 2018
Originally published in Italian as La via dei conventi,
by Ugo Mursia Editore S. p. A., 2011.
Published in 2018 by
Central European University Press
Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary
Tel: [phone] or 327-3000 Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com
224 West 57th Street, New York NY 10019, USA
Tel: [phone] E-mail: [email protected]
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the permission of the Publisher.
The book has been published with a contribution of the Marche Polytechnic
University, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Ancona, Italy.
The translation of this work has been funded by SEPS
Segretariato Europeo per le Pubblicazioni Scientifiche
Via Val d’Aposa 7 - 40123 Bologna - Italy
ISBN 978-963-386-206-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Adriano, Pino, author. | Cingolani, Giorgio, author. | Vargiu,
Riccardo James, translator.
Title: Nationalism and terror : Ante Pavelic and Ustashe terrorism from
fascism to the Cold War / Pino Adriano and Giorgio Cingolani ; translated
by Riccardo James Vargiu.
Other titles: Via dei conventi. English | Ante Pavelic and Ustashe terrorism
from fascism to the Cold War
Description: Budapest ; New York : Central European University Press, [2018]
| Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017053979 (print) | LCCN 2017054341 (ebook) | ISBN
9789633862070 () | ISBN 9789633862063
Subjects: LCSH: Ustasa, hrvatska revolucionarna organizacija. | Pavelic,
Ante, 1889-1959. | World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities--Croatia. |
Croatia--Politics and government--1918-1945.
Classification: LCC DR1586 (ebook) | LCC DR1586 .A3713 2018 (print) | DDC
949.72/02092 [B] --dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017053979
Printed in Hungary by Prime Rate Kft.
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Table of Contents
Part 1 The Ustasha Movement From its Origins to 1941
Chapter 1 Origins 3
Chapter 2 The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and Italy 27
Chapter 3 Under the Duce’s Wing 57
Chapter 4 The Regicide 89
Chapter 5 From Turin to Zagreb 121
Part 2 The Ustasha in Power, 1941–45
Chapter 1 The Independent State of Croatia 169
Chapter 2 The Massacres of Serbs, Jews, and Romani 189
Chapter 3 Survival Problems for the Independent State 219
Chapter 4 Crisis and the End of the Croatian State 245
Part 3 The Ustasha and the Cold War, 1945–59
Chapter 1 War Criminals on the Run 285
Chapter 2 Camps and Monasteries: the Ustasha Return to Italy 305
Chapter 3 The Anticommunist Crusade 329
Chapter 4 Toward the New World 353
Chapter 5 The Ustasha in Argentina 385
Epilogue The Question of the Ustasha between Yugoslavia
and the Vatican, 1952–72 409
Bibliography 437
Index 449
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P a r t
1
The Ustasha Movement
from its Origins to 1941
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Chapter 1
Origins
The Regicide
Ante Pavelić and the Ustasha, a subversive organization devoted to
Croatia’s independence, made headlines all over the world on 9 Octo-
ber 1934, with the spectacular terrorist attack in which the Yugoslav
king Alexander I Karađorđević and the French foreign affairs minis-
ter, Jean Louis Barthou, lost their lives. The Serbian king had reached
Marseilles aboard the cruiser Dubrovnik, and was expected in Paris and
London to renew the alliance binding the young Kingdom of Yugo-
slavia to France and Great Britain. In the port of ancient Massilia, the
king was greeted by his friend Barthou, the man behind French pol-
icies in the Balkan–Danubian area, and by General Alphonse J oseph
Georges, a distinguished fighter in the Great War. After the fanfare,
the three took their seats in an old Delage convertible used for such
ceremonies, and the procession entered the Canebière, which was
crammed with people. Marseilles was teeming with journalists and
photographers, for the French press had long suspected a terrorist at-
tack. Yet the police patrol left much to be desired. The uncovered car
was a conspicuous target, no barricades had been erected to keep peo-
ple on the sidewalk, and policemen, one every six or seven meters, faced
the procession with their backs to the crowd. In front of the Palais de
la Bourse, a man in dark clothes dashed toward the limousine scream-
ing “Long live the king!,” jumped on the footboard, and hugged the
monarch. The crowd laughed and cheered, and no one heard the two
shots fired at close range at the king’s chest. Chaos broke out immedi-
3
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