Table Of ContentNATO ASI Series
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Series G: Ecological Sciences, Vol. 40
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
National Parks
and Protected Areas
Keystones to Conservation
and Sustainable Development
Edited by
James Gordon Nelson
University of Waterloo
Environmental Studies Building 1
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
Rafal Serafin
Polish Environmental Partnership Foundation
6/6 Bracka St.
31-005 Krakow, Poland
With 35 Figures
Springer
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Contributions of
National Parks and Protected Areas to Heritage, Conservation, Tourism and
Sustainable Development, held in Krakow, Poland, August 26-30, 1996
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
National parks and protected areas : keystones to conservation and
sustainable development; [proceedings of the NATO Advanced
Research Workshop on Contributions of National Parks and Protected
Areas to Heritage, Conservation, Tourism and Sustainable
Development, held in Krakow, Poland, August 26 -30, 1996] I ed, by
James Gordon Nelson; Rafal Serafin. -Berlin; Heidelberg; New
York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris;
Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1997
(NATO ASI series: Ser. G, Ecological sciences; Vol. 40)
ISBN-13:978-3-642-64603-4 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-60907-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-60907-7
ISSN 0258-1256
ISBN-13 :978-3-642-64603-4
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material
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be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copy
right Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997
Typesetting: Camera ready by authors/editors
Printed on acid-free paper
SPIN 10532415 31/3137 -5 4 3 210
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the NATO International Scientific Exchange Program for financial support
for the Advanced Research Workshop of which this book is a result. We are also grateful to NATO
for a grant in aid of publication of this book. We also offer thanks to the Social Sciences and
Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) for grants for related research. The Environmental
Partnership for Central Europe (EPCE) also provided funding for the Workshop. We are of course
very grateful to all the participants in the Workshop, most of whom are noted in this volume. Many
people assisted with organization and other arrangements in Krakow, including Wies3aw Krzeminski
and his staff at the Polish Foundation for Nature Conservation and the Natural History Museum of the
Institute of Evolutionary and Animal Systematics at the Polish Academy of Sciences which hosted the
Workshop in Krakow, Andrzej Biderman and Wojciech Bosak of Ojcow National Park, ROi,a
Biderman of the Krakow Development Forum and Dorota Mech of Wye College, University of
London. Stephen Woodley of Parks Canada and Andrzej Biderman of Ojcow National Park served on
the Workshop Advisory Committee. Many participants also received some travel and other support
from their organizations. Lisa Weber and Patrick Lawrence of the Heritage Resources Centre at the
University of Waterloo assisted with the preparation of the book manuscript. We offer our sincere
thanks to all those not mentioned here who helped make the Workshop a success.
J. Gordon Nelson
University of Waterloo
Canada
Rafal Serafin
Polish Environmental Partnership Foundation
Krakow, Poland
Contents
Keys to Life ........................................................................................................... .
Gordon Nelson and Rafal Serafin
Part I Broadening the Scope
Science and Protected Area Management: An Ecosystem-Based Perspective ........ 11
Stephen Woodley
Landscape Ecology as a Basis for Protecting Threatened Landscapes ... ............... 23
Almo Farina
Landscape Approaches to National Parks and Protected Areas 31
Adrian Phillips
Land Use and Decision-Making for National Parks and Protected Areas ............. 43
Gordon Nelson, Rafal Serafin, Andrew Skibicki and Patrick Lawrence
A Clash of Values: Planning to Protect the Niagara Escarpment
in Ontario, Canada . ................................ ................................ ......................... ..... 65
Anne Varangu
The Economic Pitfalls and Barriers of the Sustainable Tourism Concept
in the Case of National Parks ............................................................................... 81
Jan van der Straaten
Environmental Education in Protected Areas as a Contribution to
Heritage Conservation, Tourism and Sustainable Development 93
Andrzej Biderman and Wojciech Bosak
Extending the Reach of National Parks and Protected Areas:
Local Stewardship Initiatives ................................................................................ 103
Jessica Brown and Brent Mitchell
The Role of Banff National Park as a Protected Area in the Yellowstone to
Yukon Mountain Corridor of Weste m North America ......................................... 117
Harvey Locke
The Danube Challenge: Protecting and Restoring a Living River ........................ 125
Philip Weller
Exploratory Planning for a Proposed National Marine Conservation Area
in Northeast Newfoundland ................................................................................ 133
Paul McNab
Experience in Cross-Border Cooperation for National Park and
Protected Areas in Central Europe ...................................................................... 145
Zygmunt Denisiuk, Stepan Stoyko, and Jan Terray
Parks for Life: An Action Plan for the Protected Areas of Europe 151
Marija Zupancic-Vicar
VIII
Part 2: Information and Communication
Usable Knowledge for National Park and Protected Area Management:
A Social Science Perspective .............................................................................. 161
Gary Machlis and Michael Soukup
Integration of Information on the Krakow-Czestochowa Jura for
Conservation Purposes: Application of CORINE Methodology................... 175
Anna Dyduch-Falniowska' Malgorzata Makomaska-Juchiewicz,
Roza Kazmierczakowa, Joanna Perzanowska, and Katarzyna Zajac
The Potential Role Of Biosphere Reserves In Piloting Effective Co-operative
Management Systems For Heritage, Landscape and Nature Conservation 187
Henry Baumgartl
The Berezinski Biosphere Reserve in Belarus: Is Ecotourism a Tool
to Support Conservation in the Reserve?............................................................. 191
Sylvie Blangy
Canada-Hungary National Parks Project: 1992-1995........................................... 195
Tom Kovacs
A Sustainability Appraisal of the Work of the Yorkshire Dales
National Park Authority.......................................................................................... 199
David Haffey
Forest Management and Planning and Local Populations:
Assessing the Case of Niepolomice Forest, nr. Krakow, Poland 207
Jerzy Sawicki, Rafal Serafin, Bogumila Kuklik,
Katarzyna Terlecka, and Tomasz Terlecki
Part 3: Learning from the Experience of Others
Conflict Between Skiers and Conservationists and an Example of its Solution:
The Pilsko Mountain Case Study (Polish Carpathians) ........................................ 227
Adam Lajczak, Stefan Michalik, and Zbigniew Witkowski
Research, Conservation, Restoration and Eco-tourism in National Parks:
Experience from Hungary ......................................................... .......................... 235
Mihaly Vegh and Szilvia Gori
Questions Related to the Rehabilitation of the Egyek-Pusztakocs Marshes ........... 243
Szilvia Gori and Aradi Csaba
Bulgarian Experience in Nature Protection: Contributing to
Sustainable Development ...................................................................................... 247
Elizaveta Matveeva
The Emerging System of Protected Areas in Lithuania: A Review....................... 253
Tadas Leoncikas
Landscape Protection in Estonia: The Case of OtepiUi ............................................ 257
Monika Prede
IX
Protected Areas and Plant Cover Diversity in the Ukrainian Carpathians:
An Assessment of Representativeness ............ ................. ..... ................................ 265
Lydia Tasenkevich
Sultan Marshes, Turkey: A New Approach to Sustainable
Wetland Management ........................................................................................... 269
Nilgiil Karadeniz
Conservation of The Mediterranean Environment: The Vital Need to Protect
and Restore the Quality of National and Cultural Resources in Libya and the
Role of Parks and Protected Areas. ........ ............................................ .... ..... ..... ... 277
Amer Rghei and Gordon Nelson
Workshop Participants: contact addresses and affiliations................................... 285
Keys to Life
Contributions of National Parks and Protected Areas to Heritage Conservation,
Tourism and Sustainable Development.
J.G. Nelsonl and Rafal Serafin2
I Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo
Waterloo, O,ntario Canada
2 Polish Environmental Partnership Foundation
Bracka6/6
31-005 Krak6w, Poland
1 Setting the Agenda
Heritage conservation, tourism, and sustainable development are the ideas or concepts which we
initially chose to use in thinking about the wide-ranging and funda~ental role of national parks and
protected areas. However, as the title, and the rest of this introduction and book show, these concepts
are not far-reaching enough to capture the full significance of protected areas. These areas are
actually best thought of as keys to the well-being of human and other life on earth. In saying this we
are thinking not only of national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves and other protected areas
which are largely of western origin and usually set up by governments. We are also thinking of
protected areas set up by local people over the centuries for conservation of forests, pastures, hunting
grounds or other purposes. The stress in the book is on the more formal governmental protected
areas. However we recognize that these need to be linked with private stewardship efforts more fully
than in the past in order to achieve greater overall effectiveness.
The papers and reports which make-up this book are the basis of the foregoing fundamental
conclusions -which may be seen as extreme or radical in some scientific, scholarly, professional and
civic quarters. The book consists of many of the papers presented at a NATO Advanced Research
Workshop held in Krakow, Poland, August 26-30, 1996. In seeking financial and general support
from NATO we put forward a set of ideas to justify the holding of the workshop. These ideas are
presented below more or less as they were to NATO in spring, 1996. Some minor changes have been
made in the text but these are predominantly for clarification. The following ideas and justification
will therefore provide a picture of our thinking before the workshop and show how our thoughts
evolved or elaborated as a result of the workshop.
2 Justification for the NATO Advanced Research Workshop: April,1996.
2.1 Need
New scientific, educational and planning approaches are needed to make it possible for national parks
and protected areas to fulfill their vital role in maintaining and enhancing significant environments,
resources and sustainable development options in the NATO countries, their neighbours and other
parts ofthe world, especially in the light of growing tourism pressures.
NATO ASI Series. Vol. G 40
National Parks and Protected Areas
Edited by l. G. Nelson and R. Serafin
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997
2
2.2. Importance
Many people view national parks and protected areas as having mainly been established to protect
highly significant environments or ecosystems, landscapes, plants, animals, water, archeological,
cultural and other resources for conservation, scientific, educational, aesthetic and recreational
purposes. Since their inception in North America in the nineteenth century, national parks have been
strongly associated with the development of tourism. Visits by rising numbers of local, national and
international tourists have generated revenue for many interested parties, as well as having
recreation <!I, educational and other benefits to society. Visits by recreationists and tourists have made
people more aware and supportive of the values, benefits and roles of national parks and other
protected areas in economy and society.
Since the first World Conservation Strategy in 1980, the Brundtland Report in 1987, the IVth World
Parks Congress in Caracas and the World Environment Summit in Rio in 1992, national parks and
protected areas have also been seen as playing a fundamental role in sustainable development. In this
regard, national parks and protected areas have been recognized as providing a range of ecological
services which are necessary for sustainable development. Among these services are those which:
preserve essential ecological processes, for example nesting of staging areas for migratory birds;
protect biodiversity, for example habitat for large predators; and maintain productivity of resources,
for example water quality and quantity in parts of otherwise settled watersheds. Parks and protected
areas are also increasingly seen as offering important opportunities for science-based educational and
interpretation programs for teachers as well as students and for enhancing environmental
understanding on an ongoing basis among citizens. In the broad sense, parks and protected areas are
also seen as essential elements in sustainable regional and national conservation strategies.
At the same time that their fundamental importance has received greater recognition, increasing
land use and resource development pressures have been placed upon national parks and protected
areas by accelerating tourism, agricultural, forestry, fishing, industrial, urban and other development
ensuing from economic and population growth. As a result the basic wildlife, soil, water and other
ecosystem services offered by national parks and protected areas are threatened in many parts of the
world, as are their related values for sustainable development.
New approaches are needed in many countries to deal with these challenges. Some promising
approaches have been developed which could help in this regard in fields such as ecology, social
science, education and planning. An example of an ecological advance is landscape ecology. An
example of a social science advance is economic incentives or other aspects of ecological economics.
An example of an educational approach is citizen monitoring and participatory and social learning.
An example of a planning advance is transactive or interactive and adaptive planning. Also important
is the increasing role of citizens in private stewardship and co-management arrangements. Such
advances or approaches are better known in some areas than others and it is a major purpose of this
workshop to make them and other new approaches more widely understood as a basis for improving
both theory and practice in the future.
More specifically, a number of relatively new ideas and methods are available for improving
understanding and practice in ways that can help deal with the stresses. Examples include: greater
park ecosystems; conservation biology; bioregional theory; comprehensive resource assessment
systems such as the Abiotic-Biotic-Cultural (ABC) resource inventory method; environmental, social
and technology assessment; economic methods such as contingency analysis; and mediation, conflict
resolution, and visioning in participatory and adaptive planning. The study, discussion,
communication and application of such ideas and approaches in a workshop providing for exchange
of international leaming and experience, would assist considerably in dealing with pressures on
national parks and protected areas not only in Poland and Canada, but also in other parts of the world.
2.3 Timeliness
The workshop is seen as very timely for a number of reasons. At the international level new
conventions such as those on biodiversity and climatic change are very relevant and should be built
