National Boll Weevil Cooperative Control Program : implementation of the program in Alabama : 1991 supplement to the draft environmental impact statement of 1989 (APHIS DEIS 89-001)

244 Pages·1991·16.5 MB·English

Historic, Archive Document
Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

|@& National Boll Weevil
| ean Cooperative Control
Program
Implementation of
the Program in Alabama
| ea 1991 Supplement to the Draft Environmental
Impact Statement of 1989 (APHIS DEIS 89 - 001)

National Boll Weevil
Cooperative Control Program
Implementation of the
Program in Alabama
1991 Supplement to the
Draft Environmental Impact
Statement of 1989
(APHIS DEIS 89-001)
Agency Contact:
Michael T. Werner, J.D.
Deputy Director, Environmental Documentation
Biotechnology, Biologics, and Environmental Protection
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
6505 Belcrest Road, Room 828
Hyattsville, MD 20782
Program Cooperators:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Alabama Department of Agriculture
Southeastern Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation, Inc.
Trade and company names are used in this publication solely to provide
specific information. Mention of a trade or company name does not
constitute a warranty or an endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture to the exclusion of other products or organizations not
mentioned.
Registrations of pesticides are under constant review by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Only pesticides that bear the
EPA registration number and carry the appropriate directions should be
used.
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Table of Contents
Page
Summary .
n 1 =
aD oLmImeeaL USE aC NCCU eT wee et. 821 1 eS eee te o SMO,
EAECe LOM ee Seer moan ee he RES Rom Ne rg ae Us LAS,
PULDOSCUR «2. . Sh of tec ge ats aa ae er ear
Need for Eradidation . ne
Status of Previously Praddedved cease Cain ya Pa Pea ae
Virginia é ny apt 5 rey Pets Mie le aed gs
North and South carolina Pee eee et oe ee ee ee oe eo awe Oe
CALTLOLNTa eral ee Ola a ano Mexico foot ee Wey ROW bs ep ASSO LI PIR8, Piii1tt{Ri}}]} WPEWRWPRNPRNPERPHHH
Chapter 2 Alternatives
Overview .. ; : eee ch oes Ft Keke SPARS,
Current tanada CaLten Gace: peserites ee ee emee A S oe a
Northern Alabama . . Pee, CLO;
Planting and Harvesting practices
Cotton Pest Control
Central Alabama i}
Planting and iain peseeices SS Fs, Xs BERACR CHENG
COLEOREPeS te CONULOL@ sas. 9. <s.0e 8) (ames AY.
Southern Alabama .. Ses se CRS eg
Planting and Bae veatine rear ices
Cotton Pest Control EAE we
ne CULLeIt BOLL Weevil Eradication Program’. . 5 20S). i se. «
BHNMNWNLHHWSYMON NHNWOWWRFNM E PNORN NPHDOP NR
Organization of the Southeast Boll Weevil
Eradication Program : :
The Southeast Boll Meertl fede. tion
Program in Alabama... Tas ere SEM ees os Oe
Implementation of the National Boll weceiit
Cooperative Control Program in Central and
Northern Alabama 2-18
Cultural Methods é 2-18
Postharvest Stalk beeeicrion : 2-19
Short-Season Cotton Varieties 2-19
Crop Rotation : 2-19
Voluntary Crop heieecl on ; PORES aE. SOTA AMR. 2-19
MecianicoreMernogers. a ©. 96h. ES Rep eee aes POT ASONTTOVGS 2-20
Sterile Insect Technique . 2-20
Chemical Control ee ar 2-20
AECL TeADOLCACLO NE 2s 05.9% ET RSPN IE, SOI Beat NS ees ons 2-21
CECUNGMADDIACALLON 629 2557 ths 4s ee ee he ae). OTR 2-22
Methods Eliminated From
Detailed Study 2-22
BaevogiCaleCONCrOl ©. % Pte ete MSO SES ahs 2-22
ReCLaActicide ~% 7.7%. cee, eee. AOS 2-22
Implementation of the Seeretred Micernatives
Eradication With Full Federal Involvement ...... .- 2-22
2-23
No Action :
2-25
Integrated Pest roneeemene
Mitieation.. « .< pn ae cs Call eg Rae ele aE ae 2=32
Limitations of the Winslet cael ge le talei aul eal a 2-32
Chapter 3 Affected Environment .....+++-+ ++ ++:
Overview .. ew rr ee eee Pa eS et a
Geology and POpOETanhya < anne Pe ys in ie ae ee
Appalachian Plateau fcambertand Plateau) AY 4B
Ridge and Valley <2) .20% 4 2.<. 5500 ee ea
Piedmont. 6 cs i be 6 6 ce ao cel a os wold a ote el eae
Coastal Plain <0... 0s es nels emcee okie = ane Rs
Climate ee i
Temperatures i}
Precipitation » 2.5 6 <6 (ssc («kage Bae conection ae eee
SOLIS ool. ee GE Bote de ue, Oa Rea Dee ee ca a
Limestone Valleys and Uplands
Appalachian Plateau .
Piedmont Plateau
Coastal Plains 2... 8. Goat ee pelts) cee ee eee WWWWWWWWWWWHHHHH WWW W
Prairies 6 Stites
Major Flood Plaine anal Teneages Anat Eee ye ce WWwwW WHCFAMeDFAOOrOFADMeO WMDOA
Coastal Marshes and Beaches lo i]
Vegetation ... Sore co. 0 eed Ry gas Ee: deew fod paneer cli en ‘cm hme comE® 1c)| PRoroP rEPrPtIt
3-10
Plant Caumuni tee a
Endangered and cinencenen Biante 3-13
Nontarget Species... ganar. qyteS batier cc ASk Seay AR ee ents 3-13
3-13
Terrestrial Verronroter
3-14
Domestic Animals
Aquatic Vertebrates ,. ea getngeG- 6b bmagee oes ane ae): 3-14
Fishes .. ee re ee re es ee 3-14
Amphibians Ane CRenulles nk tad ton ot Some 2 Ge ee 3-14
Terrestrial Invertebrates 2i.8- sabes: ate eee 6 eee 3-14
Tarnished Plant Bugs ... + <lnee 4; cable a 3s eme ain ceo 3-15
Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco AGES ee ey Ea Ee ae 3-15
Spider’ Mites. 3 vue ws 6+ ogee ee me Adame ore 3-15
Thrips RaW Weaiwatts bAad Spins oars el books ee 3-15
Cotton eid a es Pee er ee ee ro ee No 3-15
3-16
Cutworms -
3-16
Beet Armyworm .
Other Pests : 3-16
Beneficial Species 3-16
Aquatic Invertebrates . . ..+ + » 4 + + ems emaey os 3-17
Endangered, Threatened, and Proposed Vertebrates and
Invertebrates. .. 6 oec 6 te) ee ee Oe ee ee ees 3-17
Water . er ee ere me ea rer ee Ck ce ae 3-17
sirence Water oe- a: ee rer eta es ce ee 3-17
Surface Water ous pies rere Pes ye ee, 3-21
Groundwater .. . , iin oa +, Sie erent Boel lee ciee ee ee 3-21
Groundwater aualiey : 3-22
Human, Populations: \. 9. 2p us. ee ee ee 3-24
Special Groups .. aera ee ee eye eee 3-24
Background Health Risks ee Pee ee Rn! a A 3-26
3-26
Economics :
Foret ive: 3-29
Cotton 3-29
Culture >... w! Se eke BO. <a cals aie Sig oe va eels Be on 3-30
Been teroric Prarie we cer en SN RN Gn es 3-30
Historic 3-33
Ai
Agriculture 3-33
Visual Resources. 3-34
AiraQualltye. oe. 3-34
Noise. . re 3-35
Chapter 4 Environmental Consequences
Overview ... :
Geology and Topography
Climate . .
Soils 3
ii111]}
Vegetationjie<. « ee SePRrPPeRrPR PP
Federally aerese radaneeredt Crereaeeneds yal ee ered
Plant Species
Program "No Effect" plane erecta
Program "May Affect" Plant Species
Nontarget Terrestrial Wildlife and Aquatic Species
Wildlife and Aquatic Specie s Risk Assessment o' t
Wildlife Risk Estimates
Aquatic Species Risk Estimates
Risk Assessment Conclusions ° ea5 e DWHFHHY WwWWWwWNH
Federally Listed Endangered, Tien ened: anc Poeoecced
Wildlife and Aquatic Species
Program "No Effect" Species
Program "May Affect" Species
Cotton Insect Pests
Water Quality i}
Surface Water Dealt 'o tt
Groundwater Quality . .
Human Health and Safety . . Seeeeeeeeete
Public Health Risks
Worker Health Risks ASPU& SN rUNR OwWOON
Mitigation Measures To penrect icmart Health :
Economics = wee es
Economic Impacts
Direct Impacts
Indirect Impacts
Socioeconomic Impacts
Opposition to the Peer :
Costs of Boll Weevil Controls
Chemical Control and Trap Surveying
Other Control Costs
e
Posteradication Surveillance
Cultural Resources
Visual Resources
ALE eQUAULCY Scan le
Noise
Energy pec iiements ont ponte racian Soatenetal
Cumulative Impacts
Effects With Other Federal eece rane
Synergistic Effects. .
Unavoidable Adverse amentenrat Effects
Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Se tyateneys
Short-Term Uses Versus Long-Term Productivity meena
Conflicts With Plans of Federal, State, or Local Agencies
iii
Chapter 5 Conclusions .. . ge 9b as J: OF 2 aEOE BAM RE <a Ven aie eae, Coens
Choice of Program Tieectiende
Diflubenzuron .
Malathion .
Methyl Pa ath on
Mitigation ° eer ae te
Program Impacts Certain or Saimoat Certain To boeaur rr arr E re ltoert
Program Impacts That May Occur : :
Program Impacts Certain or Almost certain Not To DeCur UNRWABNU HUKNNNUFKPHRUPUYR P
Appendix A Insecticide Fate wove and Risk Assessments
Introduction : :
Fate Modeling of Boll eevit Spederant ‘tnseatieudes
Model Simulations :
The AGricultural pDISPersion Satie’: Gu Woden
The GLEAMS Model
The EXAMS II Model
Surface Water Quality
crSaets HE
Groundwater Quality :
Human Exposure and Risk Assessment
Hazard Analysis
Environmental Fate ihe reansperd
Exposure Analysis. *2 06: Blots eget oe ee nee a ee ee
Risk Analysis... ee eee Dretee 9
Estimation of eysvenit vend ‘Reproductive Risks
Estimation of Cancer Risks ... eres Pet te PPP> PP1 PP
Risks of Systemic and Reproductive ‘eaten effects
Cancer Risks :
Wildlife and Aquatic Species Risk Ageeasment ° oFCtt o t
Wildlife and Aquatic Species Hazard Analysis
Wildlife and Aquatic Species Exposure Analysis
Wildlife and Aquatic Species Risk Analysis al pa
WildlifervRiskCANAlYSiS” foot. 2 te fe) ee ee res
Aquatic Species Risk Analysis Pdodeyeat pWeFKWBl ONerNUaNY NUNDNARFUPFROPURPWRUPDRDPURFURFREPF NNUNNNFRP
Appendix B Federally Listed ecm aie Threatened, and aceon
Species in Alabama : : en Sayre oa Tad a PSE ee eee
TIntroducts0n. a... S Rs 9) A eee
Risk Assessment for fedeeaiity peed der erede hepHteaened
and Proposed Species .. . “ PMB, es %, See
Species-Specific Assessment of eridaneerag | riipeacenee and
Proposed@Species torts 0.0%. Myers ere mene rene mene ese ne sons B-13
No Effect... .- rhea ote Ree a Solna shee he et gibi large iy SP eS
Peromyscus Pols onceus eine one Paes heen MOUSE” FPA TN Sees. b=1c
Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis—Perdido Key
beach mouse .. . Cy oe oe
Phaeognathus Hubricherenee Hills eaiementer ne ete are oY See eee ere
Cottus pygmaeus—Pygmy SCul pine. 0. a B-21
Etheostoma nuchale—Watercress darter ...... ++ ++ +++. + B22
Phyllitis scolopendrium var. americana—American
hart “s=tongue™ fern Pi eee cee ee re ene B-23
Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis—Alabama canebrake
pitcher-plant ... ee dle ae lle alah ae Beg te ane peP om atess ogee EOPA
Sarracenia Brean taehor ain fiveHerc nYene LA EE Sar ee Le eS Dee
iv