Table Of ContentNation and Citizenship
in the Global Age
From National to Transnational
Ties and Identities
Richard Münch
Nation and Citizenship in the Global Age
Also by Richard Münch
DAS PROJEKT EUROPA
DEMOCRACY AT WORK
DIALEKTIK DER KOMMUNIKATIONSGESELLSCHAFT
DIE KULTUR DER MODERNE
GLOBALE DYNAMIK, LOKALE LEBENSWELTEN
RISIKOPOLITIK
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
THE ETHICS OF MODERNITY
THEORIE DES HANDELNS
Nation and Citizenship
in the Global Age
From National to Transnational
Ties and Identities
Richard Münch
Professor of Sociology
University of Bamberg
Germany
© Richard Münch 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-94552-0
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First published 2001 by
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Münch,Richard,1945–
Nation and citizenship in the global age :from national
to transnational ties and identities / Richard Münch.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.National state.2.Citizenship.3.Transnationalism.
I.Title.
JC311 .M76 2001
320.1’094’09049—dc21
2001021190
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments vii
Introduction: The Formation and Transformation
of Nations, Collective Identities and Citizenship 1
1 Britain: A Nation Emerging from Civil Society 10
Historical roots 11
Integration of immigrants 14
Integration into Europe 21
The civic community model of integration 23
2 France: A Nation Emerging from the State 28
Historical roots 28
Integration of immigrants 35
Integration into Europe 39
The statist model of integration 41
3 United States: A Nation Emerging from
Voluntary Association 48
Historical roots 48
Integration of minorities 54
Integration into the world: the foremost
transnational nation 57
The market model of integration 59
4 Germany: A Nation Emerging from Ethnic and
Cultural Heritage 66
Historical roots 67
Integration of immigrants 102
Integration into Europe 121
The legalist model of integration 127
5 The Transformation of Collective Identities and
Citizenship: toward European Civil Ties and Identity 136
Preliminary remarks 136
Identity formation through differentiation 139
v
vi Contents
Identity formation through internal homogenization 146
Identity formation through inclusion: the differentiation
and interconnection of center and periphery 157
Europeanization, renationalization, reregionalization
and globalization as intertwined movements 159
The dialectic of identity gain and identity
loss: identity growth 169
Identity growth as a societal process of production:
innovators, banks, entrepreneurs and speculators 173
From primordial to medialized identity: economic
fluctuations, inflation and deflation 176
From medialized to virtual identity 180
Concluding remarks 183
Conclusion: The Transformation of Solidarities
and Citizenship on the Way
from National to Transnational Ties 186
Bibliography 199
Index 235
Preface and Acknowledgments
This book is a part of a series of historical and comparative studies on
the rise and development of Western modernity that I have been com-
mitted to for the past 20 years. It includes studies on the development
of core ideas like instrumental activism, rationalism, freedom, equality,
democracy and the regulation of technical risks. Studies of European
and global transformation and integration are also part of that research
program. The book is devoted to the historical formation of nation-
hood and citizenship and their contemporary transformation on the
way to transnational association. It looks at the patch of forming
national bonds of citizenship and of transforming them into transna-
tional civil ties in a historical-genetic and comparative way.
Chapters 1, 2 and 3 draw on earlier, shorter German versions pub-
lished in my book Das Projekt Europa (Münch 1993b), but have been
updated, revised and largely extended for this publication in English.
Chapter 4 is based on a far shorter text that appeared in Germany in
Europe in the Nineties, edited by Bertel Heurlin (1996). The chapter
included in this book is considerably longer. A German version
of Chapter 5 was included in my book Globale Dynamik, lokale
Lebenswelten (Münch 1998). For publication in English here, it has
been updated and revised. I am grateful to Susan C. Madiedo for doing
the translations of the earlier, shorter versions of Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 5
and to Brigitte Münzel for her editorial assistance.
Earlier versions of the chapters in this work went through lively dis-
cussions at various conferences encouraging the continuation of argu-
ments and calling for the revision of other arguments. I hope the
discussions eventually helped to improve the book. I want to thank all
those colleagues who contributed in public and private discussions to
my learning process.
Particularly helpful was the support given by my colleague Friedrich
Heckmann, and his staff from the European Forum of Migration
Studies at the Otto-Friedrich University of Bamberg.
RICHARDMÜNCH
vii
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Introduction: The Formation
and Transformation of Nations,
Collective Identities and
Citizenship
Civil ties are undergoing tremendous changes in the upcoming global
age. Modernity has brought about the nation state as that social unit
which predominantly holds together people in civil ties based on civil,
political and social rights to citizenship. In doing so the nation state
has homogenized ethnic, cultural, religious, regional and class-based
differences. In the best case this homogenization process produced
equality in sharing rights to citizenship, in the worst case it leveled
down differences through internal colonization (Marshall 1964;
Parsons 1971; Turner 1990; Cohen and Arato 1992; Schnapper 1994;
Heather 1999).
At the beginning of the twenty-first century the nation state’s capa-
city for social integration is losing ground. We move toward ‘postna-
tional membership’ (Soysal 1994; Isin and Wood 1999; Höffe 1999).
The global economy is breaking up ties of solidarity and is widening
the gap between winners and losers of modernization within the
nation state. European integration is going to open up a new gap
between the mobile élite of people moving toward a European identity
and the less mobile people sticking to national solidarity. The nation
state is no longer able to provide for social integration by itself. It is
breaking apart into group particularism along class, ethnic, religious
and regional lines to an extent not imaginable at the days of its highest
achievements. Nationalistic movements are trying to restore national
solidarity. However, they do not lead back to a situation of equal rights
within the confines of the nation state, but fall back to primordial eth-
nic ties at the cost of excluding people from the civic community who
do not conform to the narrowly defined criteria of belonging, long
before being abandoned by the modern pluralistic understanding of
citizenship. The result of this backward-oriented strategy is the heating
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