Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders

588 Pages·2023·38.196 MB·English

by  Özlem Önerci Celebi, T. Metin Önerci

Nasal
Physiology and
Pathophysiology
of Nasal Disorders
Özlem Önerci Celebi
T. Metin Önerci
Editors
Second Edition
123
Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology
of Nasal Disorders
Özlem Önerci Celebi • T. Metin Önerci
Editors
Nasal Physiology and
Pathophysiology of
Nasal Disorders
Second Edition
Editors
Özlem Önerci Celebi T. Metin Önerci
Department of Otoloaryngology Head Faculty of Medicine
and Neck Surgery Hacettepe University
University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Ankara, Turkey
Training and Research Hospital
Istanbul, Turkey
ISBN 978-3-031-12385-6 ISBN 978-3-031-12386-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12386-3
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Preface
It is with great pleasure that we present the second enlarged edition of the
book Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders. The first
edition was accepted with great enthusiasm and received very good feedback.
It was sold out. Since its online publication on 2013, there have been more
than 99,000 downloads for the eBook on SpringerLink and it was among the
top most downloaded eBooks in its respective eBook Collection in 2019.
There is so much new information that we felt the need to make a second
edition.
The diseases can be better understood and managed if we know the patho-
physiology of the diseases. This is very closely related to the changes in the
physiology. The progress only can be made by studying the physiology and
pathophysiology of the diseases. The great interest for this book is perhaps
due to the wish of our colleagues to learn more and more on this topic.
We want to thank the distinguished authors of this book who are experts in
their fields and gave their valuable time to prepare their chapters with the
recent information. We tried to cover all aspects of nasal physiology and
pathophysiology.
We hope that the second edition with its new, enlarged and updated chap-
ters will fill the gap on this topic.
Istanbul, Turkey Özlem Önerci Celebi
Ankara, Turkey T. Metin Önerci
August, 2021
vii
Contents
1 Mucus, Goblet Cell, Submucosal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Takeshi Shimizu
2 The Coagulation System and Rhinosinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Takeshi Shimizu and Shino Shimizu
3 Cilia, Ciliary Movement, and Mucociliary Transport . . . . . . . . . 29
Mark Jorissen and Martine Jaspers
4 Functional Defense Mechanisms of the Nasal Respiratory
Epithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Robert C. Kern and Jennifer R. Decker
5 Local B-Cell and T-Cell Populations in the Pathophysiology
of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Kent K. Lam and Amber U. Luong
6 Mast Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Hirohisa Saito
7 Macrophage and Mast Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Hideyuki Kawauchi
8 The Neutrophil and Chronic Rhinosinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Martin Y. Desrosiers and Shaun J. Kilty
9 Eosinophils in Rhinologic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Jens Ponikau, Mary Twarog, David Sherris, and Hirohito Kita
10 Biologic Therapies for Chronic Rhinosinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Michael J. Aw and Shaun J. Kilty
11 Nasal NO and Its Role in the Physiology of the Nose
and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Peter W. Hellings and Glenis K. Scadding
12 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Sneezing and Itching:
Mechanisms of the Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Murat Songu and T. Metin Onerci
13 The Dry Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Rainer K. Weber, Tanja Hildenbrand, Detlef Brehmer,
and Jochen A. Werner
ix
x Contents
14 Physiology of the Aging Nose and Geriatric Rhinitis . . . . . . . . . 157
Yazan Eliyan, Victoria E. Varga-Huettner,
and Jayant M. Pinto
15 Nutrition and the Upper Respiratory Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Jim Bartley
16 Physiology of Lacrimal Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Ali Riza Cenk Çelebi and Özlem Önerci Celebi
17 Intranasal Trigeminal Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Philippe Rombaux, Caroline Huart, Basile Landis,
and Thomas Hummel
18 Sinus Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Jim Bartley
19 Computational Fluid Dynamics of the Nasal Cavity . . . . . . . . . . 215
Ralph Mösges
20 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Breathing . . . . . . . . . . 225
Achim G. Beule, Giorgi Gogniashvili, and Gunter H. Mlynski
21 Function of the Turbinates: Nasal Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Achim G. Beule and Rainer K. Weber
22 Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology and Their
Relationship with Surgery: The Nasal Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Oren Friedman and Kevin Wang
23 Nose and Sleep Breathing Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Anne-Lise Poirrier, Philippe Eloy, and Philippe Rombaux
24 Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Kivanc Gunhan
25 Rhinomanometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Zeynep Onerci Altunay
26 Acoustic Rhinometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Evren Hizal and Ozcan Cakmak
27 New Measurement Methods in the Diagnostic
of Nasal Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Gunter H. Mlynski, Giorgi Gogniashvili, and Achim G. Beule
28 Testing of Transport and Measurement of Ciliary Activity . . . . 363
Mark Jorissen and Martine Jaspers
29 Nasal Defensive Proteins: Distribution and
a Biological Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Hideyuki Kawauchi
30 Olfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Huart Caroline, Philippe Eloy, and Philippe Rombaux
Contents xi
31 Olfactory Impairement in Disease and Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Ayşe Elif Özdener-Poyraz and Mehmet Hakan Özdener
32 Electron Microscopy and the Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Mürvet Hayran
33 Genetic Background of the Rhinologic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Mehmet Gunduz, Eyyup Uctepe, and Esra Gunduz
34 Vomeronasal Organ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Cemal Cingi, Aytuğ Altundağ, and İsmail Koçak
35 Physiology of the Nasal Cartilages and Their
Importance to Rhinosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Wolfgang Pirsig
36 Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Growing
Nasal Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
H. L. Verwoerd-Verhoef, G. J. V. M. van Osch,
and C. D. A. Verwoerd
37 Physiologic Concerns During Rhinoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
E. B. Kern
38 Nasal Pulmonary Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Jim Bartley
39 Physiologic and Dentofacial Effects of Mouth Breathing
Compared to Nasal Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Tulin Taner and Banu Saglam-Aydinatay
40 The Nose and the Eustachian Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Özlem Önerci Celebi
41 Nanomedicine and the Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Gürer G. Budak✠, Cengiz S. Ozkan, Mihrimah Ozkan,
and T. Metin Önerci
1
Mucus, Goblet Cell, Submucosal
Gland
Takeshi Shimizu
Abbreviations to protect the underlying epithelium from patho-
gens and particles. The major components of
AP-1 Activated protein-1 mucus are glycoproteins called mucins, which
AR Allergic rhinitis are secreted by epithelial goblet and submucosal
AZM Azithromycin gland cells. Mucins are large heterogeneous
CAM Clarithromycin macromolecules containing hundreds of oligo-
CF Cystic fibrosis saccharide chains attached to peptide backbones,
CREB c AMP response element-binding protein which are encoded by several MUC genes.
CRS Chronic rhinosinusitis Hypersecretion of mucus is commonly observed
cysLTs Cysteinyl leukotrienes in various sinonasal inflammatory conditions
EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor such as acute rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and
EM Erythromycin allergic rhinitis. Mucus hypersecretion, leading
Foxa2 Forkhead box a2 to rhinorrhea, contributes significantly to the
IL Interleukin pathophysiology of these diseases by impairing
NF-κB Nuclear factor κ-B mucociliary function, resulting in stagnation of
RA Retinoic acid pathological mucus that contains various inflam-
STAT6 Signal transducer and activator of tran- matory mediators and pathogenic microbes.
scription 6
TGF Transforming growth factor
TLR Toll-like receptor 1.1 I ntroduction
TNF Tumor necrosis factor
Airway mucus blankets all mucosal surfaces,
providing a physicochemical barrier that protects
the underlying epithelium against bacteria,
Core Messages viruses, and inhaled particles and gases. Mucus
Airway mucus is important for the host defense maintains airway hydration and plays an impor-
mechanism, acting as a physicochemical barrier tant role in the innate immune system by trapping
foreign and endogenous substances, facilitating
clearance by mucociliary activity. Mucus also
T. Shimizu (*)
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck has antioxidant, antiprotease, and antimicrobial
Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, functions. Composed of water, ions, serum pro-
Shiga, Japan
tein exudates, epithelial secretions, and glandular
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1
Ö. Ö. Celebi, T. M. Önerci (eds.), Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12386-3_1