Nanotubes and Nanowires

610 Pages·2021·39.207 MB·English

by  C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj, Leela Srinivas Panchakarla

Nanotubes and Nanowires
3rd Edition
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series
Editor-­in-c­hief:
Nguyễn T. K. Thanh, University­College­London,­UK
Series­editors:
Gabriel Caruntu, Central­Michigan­University,­USA
Shinya Maenosono, Japan­Advanced­Institute­of­Science­and­Technology,­Japan
Neerish Revaprasadu, University­of­Zululand,­South­Africa
Titles­in­the­series:
1: Nanotubes and Nanowires
2: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications
3: Nanocharacterisation
4: Atom Resolved Surface Reactions: Nanocatalysis
5: Biomimetic Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to
Applications
6: Nanofluidics: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
7: Bionanodesign: Following Nature's Touch
8: Nano- Society: Pushing the Boundaries of Technology
9: Polymer- based Nanostructures: Medical Applications
10: Metallic and Molecular Interactions in Nanometer Layers, Pores and
Particles: New Findings at the Yoctolitre Level
11: Nanocasting: A Versatile Strategy for Creating Nanostructured Porous
Materials
12: Titanate and Titania Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
13: Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology
14: Nanotechnologies in Food
15: Unravelling Single Cell Genomics: Micro and Nanotools
16: Polymer Nanocomposites by Emulsion and Suspension
17: Phage Nanobiotechnology
18: Nanotubes and Nanowires, 2nd Edition
19: Nanostructured Catalysts: Transition Metal Oxides
20: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications, 2nd Edition
21: Biological Interactions with Surface Charge Biomaterials
22: Nanoporous Gold: From an Ancient Technology to a High- Tech Material
23: Nanoparticles in Anti- Microbial Materials: Use and Characterisation
24: Manipulation of Nanoscale Materials: An Introduction to
Nanoarchitectonics
25: Towards Efficient Designing of Safe Nanomaterials: Innovative Merge of
Computational Approaches and Experimental Techniques
26: Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites
27: Carbon Nanotube- Polymer Composites
28: Nanoscience for the Conservation of Works of Art
29: Polymer Nanofibers: Building Blocks for Nanotechnology
30: Artificial Cilia
31: Nanodiamond
32: Nanofabrication and its Application in Renewable Energy
33: Semiconductor Quantum Dots: Organometallic and Inorganic Synthesis
34: Soft Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
35: Hierarchical Nanostructures for Energy Devices
36: Microfluidics for Medical Applications
37: Nanocharacterisation, 2nd Edition
38: Thermometry at the Nanoscale: Techniques and Selected Applications
39: Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications,
2nd Edition
40: Near- infrared Nanomaterials: Preparation, Bioimaging and Therapy
Applications
41: Nanofluidics, 2nd Edition
42: Nanotechnologies in Food, 2nd Edition
43: ZnO Nanostructures: Fabrication and Applications
44: Diatom Nanotechnology: Progress and Emerging Applications
45: Nanostructured Materials for Type III Photovoltaics
46: Chemically Derived Graphene: Functionalization, Properties and
Applications
47: Graphene- based Membranes for Mass Transport Applications
48: Carbon Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications
49: Surface Chemistry of Colloidal Nanocrystals
50: Reducing Agents in Colloidal Nanoparticle Synthesis
51: Carbon Nitride Nanostructures for Sustainable Energy Production and
Environmental Remediation
52: Nanotubes and Nanowires, 3rd Edition
How­to­obtain­future­titles­on­publication:
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delivery of each new volume immediately on publication.
For­further­information­please­contact:
Book Sales Department, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House,
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Telephone: [phone], Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books

Nanotubes and Nanowires
3rd Edition
By
C. N. R. Rao
Jawaharlal­Nehru­Centre­for­Advanced­Science­Research,­India
Email:­[email protected]
A. Govindaraj
Jawaharlal­Nehru­Centre­for­Advanced­Scientific­Research,­India
Email:­[email protected]
and
Leela Srinivas Panchakarla
Indian­Institute­of­Technology­Bombay,­India
Email:­[email protected]
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 52
Print ISBN: 978-1 - 78801- 782- 4
PDF ISBN: 978- 1- 78801-9 63- 7
EPUB ISBN: 978- 1- 78801- 964- 4
Print ISSN: 1757- 7136
Electronic ISSN: 1757- 7144
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
© C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla 2022
All­rights­reserved
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Preface to the Third Edition
We are delighted that the previous editions of this book were well received.
The subject has expanded greatly in the past few years. We now have new
types of nanotubes, for example misfit nanotubes. There have been many
advances in the area of nanowires. These developments are noteworthy and
add a new direction to nanoscience. Many new properties and applications
of nanotubes of carbon and other materials as well as of inorganic nanowires
have been discovered. We have, therefore, decided to provide a new edition
of the book which covers the various developments that have occurred since
the second edition was published.
Some of the important topics included in this edition are: chirality-
dependent synthesis of SWNTs, metal chalcogenide nanotubes, misfit lay-
ered nanotubes, novel properties of inorganic nanotubes, new inorganic
nanowires including perovskite nanowires, and photonic, thermoelectric
and other properties of nanowires. We believe that with the addition of these
topics, this book provides a satisfactory account of the status of nanotubes
and nanowires.
We have considered it important to divide the book into smaller chapters
devoted to specific areas. The new edition has ten chapters instead of three.
We trust that this edition will be found useful by all concerned.
C. N. R. Rao
A. Govindaraj
L. S. Panchakarla

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 52
Nanotubes and Nanowires, 3rd Edition
By C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla
© C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla 2022
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
Preface to the Second Edition
Since we first wrote this monograph in 2005, the science of nanotubes and
nanowires has had an explosive growth. Carbon nanotubes have attracted the
attention of chemists, physicists, materials scientists and biologists because
of the various fascinating properties that they exhibit. Raman spectroscopy
and other techniques have been effectively employed to understand the
structure and properties of nanotubes. Functionalization and solubilization
of carbon nanotubes have been explored widely. Aspects related to potential
applications of nanotubes have been widely investigated and they include
not only electronics and sensor technology, but also nanobiotechnology and
catalysis. In this revised edition, we have covered the varied developments in
carbon nanotubes up to 2010 citing over 2000 references.
Inorganic nanotubes were discovered post- 1991 starting with molybde-
num and tungsten sulfides. Nanotubes of a variety of inorganic materials
have since been synthesized by employing novel strategies. Properties as well
as potential applications of these materials are yet to be fully investigated.
Inorganic nanowires have constituted a popular topic of study. There has
been a surge of publications in this area reporting synthesis, properties and
applications. In this revised edition, we have expanded these chapters exten-
sively and covered much of the recent advances. The numbers of references
cited are 500 and 900, respectively, in the case of inorganic nanotubes and
nanowires.
With the wide coverage of the topics and the large number of references
cited, the revised monograph has become bigger and at the same time more
purposeful. We do hope that the monograph will be found useful by all those
who work in nanomaterials and also by students and teachers.
C. N. R. Rao
A. Govindaraj

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 52
Nanotubes and Nanowires, 3rd Edition
By C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla
© C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla 2022
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
viii
Preface to the First Edition
The science of nanomaterials has become the flavour of the day, the research
being driven both by academic curiosity and the promise of useful applica-
tions. Amongst the nanomaterials, nanocrystals, nanowires and nanotubes
constitute three major categories, the last two being one- dimensional. Since
the discovery of the carbon nanotubes in 1991, interest in one- dimensional
nanomaterials has enhanced remarkably and a phenomenal number of
research articles has been published on nanotubes as well as nanowires.
The nanotubes are not only those of carbon but also inorganic materials.
Several strategies have been developed for the synthesis of these materi-
als and a range of interesting properties reported. Thus, the electronic and
mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes have been studied extensively
and several of them directly relate to potential applications. Typical of the
important properties of carbon nanotubes are high mechanical strength,
good electrical and thermal conductivity and excellent electron emission
characteristics. The electronic and Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes have
helped immensely in the characterization as well as in understanding some
of the intrinsic structural characteristics.
While nanotubes of several inorganic materials, many of which possess
layered structures, have been synthesized and characterized, the literature
on inorganic nanowires is much more extensive. Every conceivable inorganic
material seems to have been prepared in nanowire form. Properties and pos-
sible applications of these inorganic one- dimensional materials have been
investigated to some extent, but there seems to be ample scope for study.
This monograph provides an up-t o- date survey of various aspects of car-
bon nanotubes, inorganic nanotubes and nanowires. Nanotubes of lipids,
peptides, polymers and DNA are known, but they have not been discussed in
this monograph due to its limited scope. We have found it difficult to cover

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 52
Nanotubes and Nanowires, 3rd Edition
By C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla
© C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla 2022
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
ix