Nanotribology and Nanomechanics: An Introduction

930 Pages·2017·50.88 MB·English

by  Bharat Bhushan (eds.)

Bharat Bhushan E ditor
Nanotribology
and Nanomechanics
An Introduction
Fourth Edition
Nanotribology and Nanomechanics
Bharat Bhushan
Editor
Nanotribology
and Nanomechanics
An Introduction
Fourth Edition
123
Editor
BharatBhushan
NanoprobeLaboratory for
Bio- &Nanotechnology and
Biomimetics (NLBB)
Battelle Center for ScienceandTechnology
Policy,TheJohnGlennCollegeofPublic
Affairs,
OhioState University
Columbus, OH
USA
ISBN978-3-319-51432-1 ISBN978-3-319-51433-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51433-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016963428
1st–3rdedition:©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2005,2008,2011
4thedition:©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,
andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,
orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin
thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
containedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremains
neutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Foreword
The invention of the scanning tunneling micro-
scope in1981ledtoanexplosion ofafamilyof
instruments called scanning probe microscopes
(SPMs). One ofthe most popularinstruments in
this family is the atomic force microscope
(AFM), which was introduced to the scientific
community in 1986. The application of SPMs
has penetrated numerous science and engineer-
ing fields. Proliferation of SPMs in science and
technology laboratories is similar to optical
microscopes fifty years ago. SPMs have even
made it into some high school science labora-
tories.EvolutionofnanotechnologyhasacceleratedtheuseofSPMsandvice
versa.Thescientificandindustrialapplicationsincludequalitycontrolinthe
semiconductor industry and related research, molecular biology and chem-
istry, medical studies, materials science, and information storage systems.
AFMs were developed initially for imaging with atomic or near-atomic
resolution. After their invention, they were modified for tribological studies.
AFMs are now intensively used in this field and have lead to the develop-
ment of the field of nanotribology. Researchers can image single lubricant
molecules and their agglomeration and measure surface topography, adhe-
sion, friction, wear, lubricant film thickness, and mechanical/electrical/
magnetic/thermal properties on the nanometer scale. SPMs also are used for
nanofabrication and nanomachining. Beyond their use as an analytical
instrument, SPMs are being developed as industrial tools for processes such
as data storage.
Withtheadventofmorepowerfulcomputers,atomic-scalesimulationsof
tribologicalphenomenahavebeenconducted.Simulationshavebeenableto
predict the observed phenomena. The development in the field of nanotri-
bology and nanomechanics has attracted numerous physicists and chemists,
inadditiontoengineersandmaterialsscientists.IamveryexcitedthatSPMs
have had such an immense impact on the field of tribology.
I congratulate Prof. Bharat Bhushan in helping to develop this field of
nanotribologyandnanomechanics.ProfessorBhushanhasharnessedhisown
knowledgeandexperience,gainedinseveralindustriesanduniversities,and
has assembled a large number of internationally recognized authors from
v
vi Foreword
both academia and industry. The depth and breadth of their combined
experience is impressive.
Professor Bharat Bhushan’s comprehensive book is intended to serve as
bothatextbookforuniversitycoursesaswellasareferenceforresearchers.It
is a timely addition to the literature on nanotribology and nanomechanics,
which I anticipate will stimulate further interest in these important fields.
I expect that it will be well received by the international scientific
community.
Prof. Gerd Binnig
Nobel Laureate Physics, 1986, Kavli Award Winner Nanoscience, 2016
Definiens AG Munich, Germany
Preface for the Fourth Edition
Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative
motionandofrelatedsubjectsandpractices.Thenatureandconsequencesof
interactions that take place at a moving interface control its friction, wear,
and lubrication behavior. Understanding the nature of these interactions and
solving the technological problems associated with interfacial phenomena
constitute the essence of tribology. The importance of friction and wear
control cannot be overemphasized for economic reasons and long-term
reliability.
There has been an emergence and proliferation of proximal probes, in
particular tip-based microscopies and the surface force apparatus, and of
computational techniques, for simulating tip–surface interactions and inter-
facial properties. These have allowed systematic investigations of interfacial
problemswithhighresolution,aswellaswaysandmeansofmodifyingand
manipulating nanostructures. These advances provide the impetus for
researchaimedatdevelopingafundamentalunderstandingofthenatureand
consequences of the interactions between materials on the atomic scale, and
they guide the rational design of material for technological applications. In
short,theyhaveledtotheappearanceofthenewfieldsofnanotribologyand
nanomechanics.
The field of tribology is truly interdisciplinary. Until the 1980s, it had
been dominated by mechanical and chemical engineers who conducted
macroscale friction and wear tests to predict the useful life of machine
components. They devised new lubricants to minimize the effects offriction
and wear, and extend that useful life. The development in the field of nan-
otribology has attracted many more physicists, chemists, and material sci-
entists who have contributed significantly to the fundamental understanding
of friction and wear processes and lubrication on an atomic scale. Thus,
tribology and mechanics are now studied by both engineers and scientists.
The nanotribology and nanomechanics fields have grown rapidly, and it has
become fashionable to call oneself a “tribologist.” Tip-based microscopies
have also been used for materials’ characterization, as well as for the mea-
surementofmechanicalandelectricalproperties,all onthenanoscale.Since
1991, international conferences and courses have been organized regularly
byvariousprofessionalsocietiesandotherorganizationsonthenewfieldsof
nanotribology, nanomechanics, and nanomaterials characterization.
vii
viii PrefacefortheFourthEdition
There are many applications that require detailed understanding of tri-
bological and mechanical processes on the macro- and nanoscales. In the
early1980s,tribologyofmagneticstoragesystems(rigiddiskdrivesandtape
drives) became one of the important parts of tribology. Microelectrome-
chanical Systems (MEMS)/Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) and
bioMEMS/NEMS, all part of nanotechnology, have appeared in the mar-
ketplace since the 1990s. These, of course, present new tribological chal-
lenges. Tribology of processing systems such as copiers, printers, scanners,
and cameras is important also, although it has not received much attention.
Alongwithmanyindustrialapplications,therehasbeendevelopmentofnew
materials, coatings, and treatments such as synthetic diamond, diamond-like
carbon films, self-assembled monolayers, and chemically grafted films, to
name a few with nanoscale thicknesses.
It is clear that the general field of tribology has grown rapidly since the
mid-1980s.Conventionaltribologyiswellestablished,butnanotribologyand
nanomechanics also have taken the center stage. Nanomaterials also have
been developed and are used in some applications. Furthermore, new
industrial applications, particularly biomedical applications, continue to
evolve with their unique challenges.
Very few tribology handbooks exist, and those that do are dated. They
have focused on conventional tribology, traditional materials, and matured
industrial applications. No mechanics handbooks exist. Nanotribology,
nanomechanics,andnanomaterialcharacterizationhavebecomeimportantin
manynanotechnologyapplications.Aprimertothesesubjectsisneeded.The
purpose of this revised 4th Edition of Nanotribology and Nanomechanics is
to present the principles of nanotribology and nanomechanics and their rel-
evancetovariousapplications.Theappealofthesubjectbookisexpectedto
bebroad.Thefirsteditionwaspublishedin2005,thesecondin2008,andthe
thirdin2011.Thisfourtheditionisanupdatebasedonrecentdevelopments.
The chapters in the book have been written by internationally recognized
experts in the field, from academia, national research laboratories and
industry, and from all over the world. The book integrates the knowledge
of the field from mechanics and materials science points of view. In each
chapter, we start with macroconcepts leading to microconcepts. We assume
thatthereaderisnotexpertinthefieldofnanotribologyandnanomechanics,
but has some knowledge of macrotribology/mechanics. It covers various
measurement techniques and their applications, and theoretical modeling of
interfaces. The organization of the book is straightforward. The first part
of the book covers fundamental experimental and theoretical studies. The
latter part covers applications.
The book is intended for three types of readers: graduate students of
nanotribology/nanomechanics/nanotechnology, research workers who are
active or intend to become active in this field, and practicing engineers who
haveencounteredatribologyandmechanicsproblemandhopetosolveitas
expeditiouslyaspossible.Thebookshouldserveasanexcellenttextforone
or two semester graduate courses in scanning probe microscopy/applied
PrefacefortheFourthEdition ix
scanning probe methods, and nanotribology/nanomechanics/nanotechnology
in mechanical engineering, materials science, applied physics, or applied
chemistry.
I would like to thank the authors for their excellent contributions in a
timelymanner.Ialsowishtothankmywife,Sudha,myson,Ankur,andmy
daughter, Noopur, who have been very forbearing during the preparation of
this book.
Powell, OH, USA Bharat Bhushan
November 2016 [email protected]
Contents
1 Introduction—Measurement Techniques
and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Bharat Bhushan
Part I Scanning Probe Microscopy
2 Scanning Probe Microscopy—Principle
of Operation, Instrumentation, and Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Bharat Bhushan and Othmar Marti
3 Calibration of Normal and Lateral Forces in Cantilevers
Used in Atomic Force Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Manuel L.B. Palacio and Bharat Bhushan
4 Biomedical Sensing with the Atomic Force Microscope . . . . 135
Constanze Lamprecht, Jürgen Strasser, Melanie Köhler,
Sandra Posch, Yoo Jin Oh, Rong Zhu, Lilia A. Chtcheglova,
Andreas Ebner and Peter Hinterdorfer
Part II Nanomechanics
5 Depth-sensing Nanoindentation Techniques
for Nanomechanical Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Bharat Bhushan
6 Nanomechanical Properties of Nanostructures
and Scale Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Bharat Bhushan
7 Computer Simulations of Nanometer-Scale
Indentation and Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Susan B. Sinnott, Seong-Jun Heo, Donald W. Brenner,
Judith A. Harrison and Douglas L. Irving
xi