Nanotechnology: Synthesis to Applications

351 Pages·2018·16.52 MB·English

by  Sunipa Roy

Nanotechnology
Synthesis to Applications

Nanotechnology
Synthesis to Applications
Edited by
Sunipa Roy, Chandan Kumar Ghosh,
and Chandan Kumar Sarkar
CRC Press
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Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................ix
Editors .....................................................................................................................xv
Authors ................................................................................................................xvii
Contributors ..........................................................................................................xxi
1. Introduction: Motivation for Nanotechnology .........................................1
Sunipa Roy, Chandan Kumar Ghosh, and Chandan Kumar Sarkar
2. Introductory Quantum Mechanics for Nanoscience ................................5
Chandan Kumar Ghosh
3. Crystallography, Band Structure, and Density of States at Nanoscale .....33
Swapnadip De
4. Growth Techniques and Characterization Tools of Nanomaterials ....51
Chandan Kumar Ghosh and Arka Dutta
5. Electrical Transport in Nanostructures .....................................................87
Angsuman Sarkar
6. Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Chemical
and Physical Routes ...................................................................................107
Chandan Kumar Ghosh
7. Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: A Green
Alternative ....................................................................................................131
Kaushik Roy and Chandan Kumar Ghosh
8. Environmental and Biological Applications of Nanoparticles ..........147
Kaushik Roy and Chandan Kumar Ghosh
9. Nanogenerator: A Self-Powered Nanodevice........................................171
Sunipa Roy and Amrita Banerjee
10. Solar Photovoltaic: From Materials to System ......................................197
Sunipa Roy and Swapan Das
11. Volatile Organic Compound–Sensing with Different
Nanostructures ............................................................................................219
Sunipa Roy and Swapan Das
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viii Contents
12. Nanoscience with Graphene .....................................................................241
Angsuman Sarkar
13. Nanoscale Silicon MOS Transistors ........................................................259
Soumya Pandit
14. Nanotechnology Applications in Electron Devices .............................285
Sarosij Adak, Arghyadeep Sarkar, and Sanjit Kumar Swain
15. Micro/Nanoelectromechanical Systems .................................................297
Atanu Kundu
Index .....................................................................................................................319
Preface
Nano is a Greek word meaning “dwarf.” One nanometer is 10−9 meter. In
modern-day technology, the term “nano” has assumed great significance
because physical and chemical properties of materials change significantly
when their sizes are reduced to dimensions of 100 nm or less. Thus nanosci-
ence and nanotechnology refer to the science and technology of materials
and systems having dimensions in the range of 1–100 nm. In the field of
electronics, there are immense possibilities of nanostructured semiconductor
devices, some of which are demonstrated by different authors in this book.
This technological advancement also demanded understanding of the
new device physics as the properties of materials changed significantly at
such reduced dimensions. These dimensions are comparable to the electron
wavelength of motion, and hence the device characteristics are governed
by the confinement of the electron wave function, commonly referred to as
quantum confinement effect. Quantum confinement effect due to changes in
the size and shape of nanoparticles (NPs) can modify the energy bands of
semiconductors and insulators. A brief description on electrical transport of
nanostructure is given in this book.
Nano particles have attracted much interest in recent years by virtue of
their unusual mechanical, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. Due
to their special properties, NPs are finding wide applications in all fields of
engineering. Several synthetic approaches have been developed to control
their morphology and synthesis.
Metal NPs are of particular interest in medical diagnostics because of their
antibacterial activity and low toxicity to human cells. This antibacterial effect
is further enhanced with the reduction in particle size. Biomedical devices
must be biocompatible, which indicates nontoxicity of the reactants used in
nanoparticle synthesis. The so-called “green synthesis” method suits well for
this purpose. A novel green synthesis of NPs makes use of environmental-
friendly, nontoxic, and safe reagents, which is discussed in Chapter 7.
Nanocomposites for energy harvesting are a latest area of research and
contain many unexpected benefits in the field of technology. Keeping this in
mind, a chapter has been written to present the matter from an experimental
point of view.
Nanotechnology is a completely new science that came on the market a few
years ago, though many are not fully conscious of its presence in daily life.
The application of nanotechnology can be found in many everyday items.
Thousands of commercial products incorporate nanomaterials. Though it
is a relatively new science, its applications range from consumer goods to
medicine to improving the environment.
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