Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells

470 Pages·2022·11.273 MB·English

by  Song H., Nguyen T.A., Yasin G. (ed.)

Nanotechnology in Fuel
Cells
Nanotechnology in Fuel
Cells
Edited by
HUAIHE SONG
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of
Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Universityof Chemical
Technology, Beijing, China
TUAN ANH NGUYEN
Institute forTropical Technology, Vietnam,Academy of Science and
Technology, Hanoi,Vietnam
GHULAM YASIN
Institute forAdvanced Study, College of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering,ShenzhenUniversity, Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
Elsevier
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Contents
Listofcontributors xiii
Foreword xvii
Section 1 Basic principles
1. Nanotechnology-based fuelcells: anintroduction 3
NiraliH.Gondaliya
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Fuelcells 5
1.3 Nanotechnologyandfuelcells 6
1.4 Currentresearchonnanofuelcells 7
1.5 Conclusion 8
References 8
2. Microfluidic concept-based fuel cells 11
BiswajitS.De,NeerajKhare,AnastasiaEliasandSuddhasatwaBasu
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Theory 13
2.3 Fabricationanddesignofmicrofluidicfuelcells 16
2.4 Performanceevaluationofmicrofluidicfuelcells 21
2.5 Perspectiveandconclusions 35
References 36
3. Alcohol fuelcell on-a-chip 41
CauêA.Martins
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Fuelcellon-a-chip 42
3.3 Generalviewofdirectalcoholmicrofluidicfuelcells 45
3.4 Testingdirectalcoholmicrofluidicfuelcells 50
3.5 Nanotechnologyindirectalcoholmicrofluidicfuelcells 54
3.5.1 Nanoparticleanodesandcathodesformethanolmicrofluidicfuelcells 55
3.5.2 Nanoparticleanodesandcathodesforethanolmicrofluidicfuelcells 56
v
vi Contents
3.5.3 Nanoparticleanodesandcathodesforethyleneglycolmicrofluidicfuelcells 60
3.5.4 Nanoparticleanodesandcathodesforglycerolmicrofluidicfuelcells 61
3.6 Perspectivesandfutureengagements 65
Acknowledgments 67
Appendix 68
References 72
4. General aspects in the modeling of fuel cells: from conventional
fuelcells to nano fuel cells 77
PabloA.García-Salaberri
4.1 Introduction 77
4.1.1 Protonexchangemembranefuelcells(PEMFCs) 80
4.2 Numericalmodeling 88
4.2.1 Macroscopiccontinuummodeling 88
4.2.2 Pore-scalemodeling 90
4.2.3 Hybridcontinuum/pore-scalemodeling 92
4.3 PEMFCmacroscopicmodeling 94
4.3.1 Assumptions 97
4.3.2 Conservationsequations 98
4.3.3 Sourceterms 104
4.3.4 Boundaryconditions 110
Acknowledgments 113
References 113
5. Mathematical modeling for fuelcells 123
AbdallaM.Abdalla,MohamedK.Dawood,ShahzadHossain,MohamedEl-Sabahy,
BasemE.Elnaghi,ShabanaP.S.ShaikhandAbulK.Azad
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Fuelcellssimulationandmodeling 124
5.3 Processdesignandmathematicalformulation 124
5.3.1 Solidoxidefuelcells 125
5.3.2 Moltencarbonatefuelcells 126
5.3.3 Protonexchangemembranefuelcells 128
5.3.4 Directalkalinefuelcell 131
5.3.5 Microbialfuelcells 132
5.4 Keychallengesofmathematicalmodeling 134
5.5 Conclusion 135
References 135
Contents vii
Section 2 Nanostructures and nanomaterials for
fuel cells
6. Nanostructures andnanomaterials in microbial fuel cells 139
SaranyaNarayanasamyandJayapriyaJayaprakash
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Nanostructuredmaterialsinmicrobialfuelcells 140
6.2.1 Nanostructuresaselectrodematerials 141
6.3 Nanocompositematerials 148
6.3.1 Anodematerials 149
6.3.2 Cathodematerials 156
6.3.3 Membranes 159
6.4 Conclusion 162
Acknowledgment 163
References 163
7. Metal-organic frameworks for fuel cell technologies 173
MuhammadRizwanSulaimanandRamK.Gupta
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Structureofmetal-organicframeworks 176
7.2.1 Secondarybuildingunits 178
7.2.2 Openmetalsites 179
7.2.3 Pores 179
7.2.4 Functionalgroups 180
7.2.5 Developmentofporousstructure 181
7.2.6 Designofmetal-organicframeworkderivative 183
7.3 Metal-organicframeworksforfuelcellsapplications 183
7.3.1 Proton-conductingmetal-organicframeworks 184
7.4 Metal-organicframeworksasoxygenreductionreactioncatalyst 189
7.5 Conclusion 196
References 196
8. Advanced carbon-basednanostructured materials for fuel cells 201
MuhammadRizwanSulaimanandRamK.Gupta
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Importantoxygenreductionreactioncharacterizationnotions 204
8.2.1 Onsetpotential(E ) 204
ons
8.2.2 Currentdensity 205
8.2.3 Tafelslope 205
8.2.4 ElectrontransfernumberandHO 2percentage 205
2
viii Contents
8.2.5 Turnoverfrequency 206
8.3 Approachestosynthesizenanocarbons 206
8.3.1 Zero-dimensionalcarbonaceousmaterials 206
8.3.2 One-dimensionalcarbonaceousmaterials 211
8.3.3 Graphene-basedtwo-dimensionalcarbonaceousmaterials 216
8.3.4 Three-dimensionalcarbonmaterials 220
8.4 Conclusion 224
References 224
9. Covalent organic framework-based materials as electrocatalystsfor
fuelcells 229
AnujKumar,ShashankSundriyal,TribaniBoruah,CharuGoyal,SonaliGautam,
DipakKumarDasandTuanAnhNguyen
9.1 Introduction 229
9.1.1 Motivationsandscope 229
9.1.2 Fuelcellanditschemistry 230
9.1.3 Chemistryofcovalentorganicframeworks 232
9.1.4 InterlayerstackinginCOFs 235
9.2 RecentadvancementsinCOF-basedelectrocatalystsforORR 235
9.2.1 Pristinemetal-freeCOFs 236
9.2.2 Macrocycle-incorporatedCOFs 237
9.2.3 COF-derivedSAC-basedmaterials 239
9.2.4 Nanocarbon-supportedCOFs 241
9.3 DesigningapproachesofCOF-basedelectrocatalysts 242
9.3.1 Geometricorientation-basedapproaches 242
9.3.2 Differentbonding-basedapproaches 244
9.4 Concludingremarks 245
9.4.1 Challenges 246
9.4.2 Prospectsandresearchdirections 246
References 246
10.Nano-inks for fuel cells 251
FahimehHooriabadSaboorandTuanAnhNguyen
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Inkrheologicalparametersandinfluencingfactors 253
10.3 Recentprogressinnano-inkpreparationandutilizationinfuelcellapplication 254
10.3.1 Theeffectofsolventsandadditives 254
10.3.2 Theeffectofthedispersionmethod 256
10.3.3 Theeffectoftheinkcomposition 256
10.4 Conclusion 258
References 258
Contents ix
11.Nanomaterial andnanocatalystsin microbial fuel cells 261
SumishaAnappara,KarthickSenthilkumarandHaribabuKrishnan
11.1 Introduction 261
11.2 Applicationofnanomaterialstructuresinanodes 263
11.2.1 Carbon-basednanomaterials 263
11.2.2 Nanoconductingpolymer 266
11.2.3 Metal-basednanomaterials 268
11.3 Applicationofnanomaterialstructuresincathodes 270
11.3.1 Graphene-basednanomaterial 271
11.3.2 Carbonnanotubesandnanofibers 272
11.3.3 Transitionmetaloxidenanomaterials 273
11.3.4 Conductingpolymernanomaterials 274
11.4 Ion-exchangemembranes 275
11.4.1 Perfluorinatedmembranes 276
11.4.2 Sulfonatedmembranes 276
11.4.3 Nonfluorinatedandnonsulfonatedmembranes 277
11.5 Conclusion 279
References 279
12.Nanomembranes in fuelcells 285
YunfengZhang
12.1 Theintroductionofnanomembranesinfuelcells 285
12.1.1 Descriptionofnanomembranes 285
12.1.2 Protontransportchannels 288
12.2 Polymer-basednanomembranes 295
12.2.1 Polymermembraneswithtailoredmainchains 295
12.2.2 Polymermembraneswithfunctionalsidechains 299
12.2.3 Polymermembraneswithspecialgroups 304
12.2.4 Cross-linkingmembranes 310
12.3 Hybridmembranescontainingnanofillers 316
12.3.1 Effectofnanofillers 316
12.3.2 Nanoparticles 317
12.3.3 Nanocarbonmaterials 323
References 338
13.Shape-controlled metal nanoparticles forfuelcells applications 349
AjitBehera
13.1 Introduction 349
13.2 Whatisshape-controlledcatalyst 350
13.3 Platinumcatalyst 350
x Contents
13.4 Fe,Co,andNicatalysts 353
13.5 Variousfunctionalityofshape-selectednanoparticles 354
13.5.1 Activityenhancement 354
13.5.2 Selectivityenhancement 355
13.5.3 Opticalbehavior 356
13.6 Summary 357
References 357
14.Fuelcells recycling 361
AjitBehera
14.1 Introductiontofuelcellsandrecycling 361
14.2 Nanomaterialsusedinfuelcells 362
14.2.1 Nanomaterialsinthepolymerelectrolytemembraneorproton-exchange
membrane 363
14.2.2 Nanomaterialsinthemoltencarbonatefuelcells 364
14.2.3 Materialsinphosphoricacidfuelcell 365
14.2.4 Materialsinsolidoxidefuelcells 365
14.3 Recyclingprocesses 366
14.3.1 Hydrometallurgicalprocess 367
14.3.2 Pyrohydrometallurgicalprocess 367
14.3.3 Hydrothermalprocess 368
14.3.4 Selectiveelectrochemicaldissolution 368
14.3.5 Transientdissolutionthroughpotentialalteration 369
14.3.6 MembraneandPt-recoveryacidprocess 369
14.3.7 Alcoholsolventprocess 370
14.4 Microbialfuelcellrecyclingmechanism 370
14.5 Summary 371
References 371
15.Micro/nanostructures for biofilm establishment in microbial fuelcells 375
LinbinHu,JunLi,QianFu,LiangZhang,XunZhuandQiangLiao
15.1 Introduction 375
15.2 Nanostructureforpromotingelectrochemicalactivebacteria/electrodeinteraction 377
15.2.1 Carbonnanomaterialsdecoration 377
15.2.2 Conductivepolymercoating 383
15.2.3 Othertypesofmodifications 387
15.3 Microstructureforincreasingspecificsurfacearea 388
15.3.1 Electrodeswithrandommicrostructure 388
15.3.2 Electrodematerialswithregularmicrostructure 395
15.4 Outlook 401