Table Of ContentNanotechnology in
Cement-Based Construction
edited by
Antonella D’Alessandro
Annibale Luigi Materazzi
Filippo Ubertini
Nanotechnology in
Cement-Based Construction
Nanotechnology in
Cement-Based Construction
edited by
Antonella D’Alessandro
Annibale Luigi Materazzi
Filippo Ubertini
Published by
JennyStanfordPublishingPte.Ltd.
Level34,CentennialTower
3TemasekAvenue
Singapore039190
Email:[email protected]
Web:www.jennystanford.com
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Nanotechnology in Cement-Based Construction
Copyright �c 2020JennyStanfordPublishingPte.Ltd.
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ISBN978-981-4800-76-1(Hardcover)
ISBN978-0-429-32849-7(eBook)
Contents
Preface xv
PART I
ADVANCED CEMENT-BASED COMPOSITES
1 Nanoinclusions for Cementitious Materials 3
AntonellaD’Alessandro
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 DispersionofNanoinclusionsinaCementitious
Matrix 4
1.3 NanoinclusionsforCement-BasedMaterials 6
1.3.1 Carbon-BasedInclusions 7
1.3.1.1 Carbonnanotubes 8
1.3.1.2 Carbonnanofibers 9
1.3.1.3 Graphenenanoplatelets 9
1.3.1.4 Carbonblack 10
1.3.1.5 Grapheneoxide 11
1.3.2 MetallicNanoinclusions 12
1.3.2.1 Nano-TiO 12
2
1.3.2.2 Nano-Fe O 12
2 3
1.3.2.3 Silvernanoparticles 12
1.3.2.4 Nano-Al O 13
2 3
1.3.2.5 Nano-ZnO 13
1.3.2.6 Nano-ZrO 13
2
1.3.2.7 Nano-MgO 14
1.3.3 NoncarbonNanoinclusions 14
1.3.3.1 Nano-SiO 14
2
1.3.3.2 Nano-CaCO 15
2
1.3.3.3 Nanoclay 15
1.3.3.4 Cementnanoparticles 15
vi Contents
1.4 SafetyofNanomaterials 16
1.5 DiscussionandConclusion 17
2 Dispersion Techniques of Nanoinclusions in Cement Matrixes 25
Matteo Tiecco
2.1 CarbonNanotubes:ChemicalStructureand
Properties 25
2.2 DispersionTechniquesofCarbonNanotubes:Similia
Similibus Solvuntur? 27
2.2.1 PhysicalMethodsforCNTDispersion 28
2.2.1.1 Ultrasonicationphysicalmethod 29
2.2.2 ChemicalMethodsforCNTDispersion 31
2.2.2.1 Surfactants:structure,properties,
andsolubilizingcapabilities 31
2.3 DispersionofCarbonNanotubesinWaterwith
Surfactants:Similia Similibus Solvuntur (withthe
HelpofUltrasonication) 34
2.3.1 OptimizationofCNTDispersionwith
Surfactants 36
2.3.1.1 Commerciallyavailablesurfactants
forCNTdispersions 37
2.3.1.2 IncreasingCNTdispersionwiththe
useofproperlydesignedsurfactants 39
3 Use of Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene for Accelerated
Percolation in Composite Cement–Based Sensors Filled
with Carbon Black 49
SimonLaflammeand Filippo Ubertini
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 SEBS-CBSensors 52
3.2.1 Materials 52
3.2.2 SensorFabrication 52
3.3 Methodology 55
3.3.1 MixProportions 55
3.3.2 QualityControl 56
3.3.3 Measurements 57
3.3.4 ElectromechanicalModel 58
3.4 ResultsandDiscussion 59
3.4.1 PercolationThresholds 59
Contents vii
3.4.2 StrainSensitivity 60
3.5 Conclusion 62
4 Advancements in Silica Aerogel–Based Mortars 67
Anto´nioSoares,IneˆsFlores-Colen,andJorgedeBrito
4.1 Introduction 68
4.1.1 Nanomaterials 71
4.2 Silica-BasedAerogel 75
4.3 Aerogel-BasedMortars 81
4.4 PerformanceofAerogel-BasedMortars 84
4.5 Conclusions 87
5 Multifunctional Cement-Based Carbon Nanocomposites 101
LiqingZhang,SiqiDing,SufenDong,XunYu,andBaoguoHan
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 DesignandManufactureofMultifunctional
Cement-BasedCarbonNanocomposites 104
5.3 BehaviorsofMultifunctionalCement-BasedCarbon
Nanocomposites 105
5.3.1 MechanicalBehaviors 105
5.3.2 ElectricallyConductiveBehavior 107
5.3.3 SensingBehavior 109
5.3.4 DampingBehavior 110
5.3.5 ElectromagneticShielding/Absorbing
Behaviors 111
5.3.6 Self-HeatingBehavior 112
5.3.7 Durability 113
5.4 Conclusions 114
6 Analysis and Modeling of Electromechanical Properties of
Cement-Based Nanocomposites 123
SiqiDing,LiqingZhang,XunYu,YiqingNi,andBaoguoHan
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 ElectricallyConductiveandElectromechanical
Mechanisms 125
6.2.1 BasicPrinciplesofElectricalConduction 125
6.2.1.1 Contactingconduction 125
6.2.1.2 Tunnelingconductionand/orfield
emissionconduction 126
viii Contents
6.2.1.3 Ionicconduction 126
6.2.2 ElectricallyConductiveMechanisms 127
6.2.3 ElectromechanicalMechanisms 129
6.3 AnalysisofElectromechanicalProperties 131
6.3.1 ElectricalResistivity 131
6.3.2 ImpedanceorElectricalReactance 133
6.3.3 ElectricCapacitance 134
6.3.4 ElectricalImpedanceTomography 134
6.4 ModelingofElectromechanicalProperties 134
6.4.1 ModelBasedonTunnelingConduction 135
6.4.2 ModelBasedonFieldEmissionConduction 135
6.4.3 ModelBasedonaLumpedCircuit 137
6.5 Conclusion 139
7 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based
Composites with Nanomaterials 145
PedrodeAlmeidaCar´ısio,OscarAurelioMendozaReales,
andRomildoDiasToledoFilho
7.1 Introduction 146
7.2 Nanosilica 149
7.3 Nanotitania 150
7.4 Nanoalumina 151
7.5 Nano–IronOxide 153
7.6 Nanoclay 154
7.7 NanocarbonMaterials 155
7.7.1 GrapheneNanoplatelets 156
7.7.2 CarbonNanofibers 156
7.7.3 CarbonNanotubes 157
7.8 OtherNanoparticles 159
7.9 FuturePerspective 160
8 Micromechanics Modeling of Nanomodified Cement-Based
Composites: Carbon Nanotubes 173
EnriqueGarc´ıa-Mac´ıas,RafaelCastro-Triguero,and
Andre´sSa´ ez
8.1 IntroductionandSynopsis 173
8.2 MicromechanicsModelingoftheMechanical
PropertiesofNanomodifiedComposites 175
Contents ix
8.2.1 FundamentalsofMean-FieldHomogenization 175
8.2.2 Eshelby’sEquivalentInclusion 180
8.2.3 TheMori–TanakaApproach 183
8.2.4 Self-ConsistentEffective-MediumApproach 183
8.2.5 ExtendedEshelby–Mori–TanakaApproaches 184
8.2.6 ModelingofCNTWaviness 185
8.2.7 ModelingofCNTAgglomeration 189
8.3 MicromechanicsModelingoftheElectricalProperties
ofCNT-ReinforcedComposites 191
8.3.1 PhysicalMechanismsGoverningtheElectrical
ConductivityofCNT-ReinforcedComposites 192
8.3.1.1 Tunnelingresistance:thicknessand
conductivityoftheinterface 193
8.3.1.2 Nanoscalecompositecylindermodel
forCNTs 194
8.3.2 PercolationThresholdEstimates 195
8.3.3 MicromechanicsModelfortheOverall
ConductivityofCNT-ReinforcedComposites 199
8.3.3.1 Wavinessandagglomerationeffects 202
8.3.4 MicromechanicsModelforthePiezoresistivity
ofCNT-ReinforcedComposites 203
8.3.4.1 Volumeexpansionandreorientation
ofCNTs 203
8.3.4.2 Changeintheconductivenetworks 205
8.3.4.3 Changeinthetunnelingresistance 206
8.4 Summary 209
9 Use of Carbon Cement–Based Sensors for Dynamic
Monitoring of Structures 215
AndreaMeoni,AntonellaD’Alessandro,FilippoUbertini,and
Annibale Luigi Materazzi
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 StateoftheArtofNanomodifiedStructures 216
9.3 Cement-BasedSensorsforStructuralHealth
Monitoring 217
9.4 StructureswithEmbeddedCement-BasedSensors 225
9.5 StructuresMadeofNanomodifiedCement-Based
Materials 230
