Nanotechnology for Telecommunications

451 Pages·2011·5.52 MB·English

by  Sohail Anwar

Edited by
Sohail Anwar
M. Yasin Akhtar Raja
Salahuddin Qazi
Mohammad Ilyas
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nanotechnology for telecommunications / editors, Sohail Anwar, … [et al.].
p. cm.
“A CRC title.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-5325-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Telecommunication--Equipment and supplies. 2.
Telecommunication--Technological innovations. 3. Nanotechnology. 4.
Nanoelectronics. I. Anwar, Sohail. II. Title.
TK5103.N36 2010
621.382--dc22 2010006627
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Contents
Preface................................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgments................................................................................................xi
Editors.................................................................................................................. xiii
Contributors....................................................................................................... xvii
1. An Overviewof Nanotechnology andNanoscience...............................1
Ahmed S. Khan
2. Impact ofNanotechnology onTelecommunications............................23
Fidel M. Salinas,EmanuelF. Barros, William Eisenberg,
Denise M. Smith, and Shekar Viswanathan
3. Nanotechnologyin Fiber-OpticTelecommunications:
Power-Control Applications......................................................................43
AndreGirard and Moshe Oron
4. Nanotubes andTheir Applications in Telecommunications..............75
Murad Shibli
5. Silicon Nanostructures forOptical Communications.........................117
Adam A.Filios,YeongS. Ryu, Kamal Shahrabi, andRaphael Tsu
6. Nanostructured Optoelectronic Materials
for Short-WavelengthDevices................................................................141
M. Khizar andM. Yasin AkhtarRaja
7. Nanophotonicsfor Emerging Optical Networks.................................163
Kavan Acharya and M. Yasin Akhtar Raja
8. Crystalline Colloidal Array Photonic CrystalOptical Switching....179
Marta K. Maurer
9. Processing ofMEMS andNEMS............................................................207
Seyed Allameh
10. System-LevelModeling of Nano-Electromechanical Systems.........229
Kashif Virk
11. MEMS-Based Wireless Communications.............................................241
Salahuddin Qazi
v
vi Contents
12. Quantum-DotCellular Automata: The Prospective Technology
for Digital Telecommunication Systems...............................................275
Shahram Mohammad Nejad and Ehsan Rahimi
13. High-Electric-Field-InitiatedInformation Processing
in NanoelectronicDevices.......................................................................309
Vijay K. Arora
14. Packaging and Assemblyof Microelectronic
Devices andSystems.................................................................................335
S. Manian Ramkumar
15. An Architectural Perspective onDigitalQuantum Switching.........373
I-MingTsaiand Sy-Yen Kuo
16. Powering theFuture with Nanotechnology.........................................385
Harry Efstathiadis
17. Commercialization of Nanotechnology:
Opportunities andIssues.........................................................................401
Sohail Anwar
Glossary..............................................................................................................413
Index....................................................................................................................423
Preface
Nanotechnologyisthecreationoffunctionalmaterials,devices,andsystems
throughthecontrolofmatteratthenanometerlengthscale,andtheexploit-
ationofnovelpropertiesandphenomenadevelopedatthatscale.Nanotech-
nology holds singular promise to revolutionize science, engineering, and
technology. It has already had a significant impact on countless industries
including communications, medicine, environmental cleanup, agriculture,
and several others. Innovative materials, components, and systems based
on nanotechnology are recognized as promising growth innovators in the
yearstocome.Itisexpectedthatnanotechnologywilleventuallymergeinto
a technology cluster offering a complete range of functionalities in informa-
tion, energy, construction, environmental, and biomedical domains.
Currentadvancesinnanotechnologyhaveresultedinnewapproachesfor
improvements in telecommunications and information processing. Tra-
ditional electronic devices are increasingly being replaced by optoelectronic
devices such as photonic crystals and quantum dots. Displays with low
energyconsumptioncanbeproducedusingcarbonnanotubes.Components
based on the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and nanoelectrome-
chanicalsystem(NEMS)holdsignificantpromiseforfuturedevelopmentsin
wirelesscommunications.
Thisbookprovidesabroadspectrumoftechnicalinformationandresearch
ideasregardingtheuseofnanotechnologyintelecommunicationsandinfor-
mationprocessing.Itdescribescurrentandemergingnanotechnologydevel-
opmentsthatholdpromiseforsignificantinnovationsintelecommunications.
Italsoreviewsabroadrangeofthenanoscienceandnanotechnologyconcepts
andtheirinfluenceoneveryaspectoftelecommunications.
This book is organized into 17 chapters and a glossary of technical terms.
Chapters1and2providebackgroundinformationfornanoscienceandnano-
technology.Chapter1presentsanoverviewofnewemergingnanotechnology
materials,processes,devices,andtheirapplications.Italsoincludesadiscus-
sionregardingthesocialimplicationsofnanotechnology.Chapter2provides
a basic understanding of the impact of nanotechnology on telecommunica-
tions.Italsopresentsexamplesoftheintegrationofvoiceanddatatoenhance
existingtelecommunicationapplicationsandtoenablenewapplications.
Chapters 3 through 5 describe thespecificapplications of nanotechnology
intelecommunications.Chapter3providesadescriptionoftheapplicationof
nanostructuresinpassivefiber-optic powercontroldevices.Italsosummar-
izes the lifetime and performance testing of these devices and related inter-
national standardization. Chapter 4 presents the basic types, characteristics,
fabrication, and applications of nanotubes in telecommunications. Nano-
tubes exhibit novel properties that make them potentially useful for many
vii
viii Preface
applications in nanotechnology, electronics, and optics. Chapter 5 examines
theuniquecharacteristicsofsilicon-basednanostructuresthatarefundamen-
tally different from those of the bulk crystalline material. Some of these
characteristics make nanoscale silicon attractive for use in many technical
applications, such as light-emitting devices for optical communications,
photovoltaic solar cells, and fully integratedoptoelectronic systems.
Chapters 6 through 8 focus on nanostructured optoelectronic materials.
Chapter 6 presents an overview of the research and development and the
future prospects of III–V wide bandgap semiconductor (WBGS) nanostruc-
tures and optoelectronics devices. Some of the recent developments in
Al O - and SiC-baseddevices are discussed. Chapter 7 highlights the recent
2 3
developmentsindevicefabricationprocesses,enabledbynanotechnology,to
realize modern optical systems on chip and board levels. It focuses on the
role of nanophotonics in on-board and on-chip communications. Chapter 8
describes crystalline colloidal array photonic crystals. These crystals consti-
tutepromisingsystemsforopticalswitchinganddisplayormemorystorage
devices.
Chapters 9 through 11 describe MEMS, NEMS, and their applications in
communication systems. Chapter 9 provides extensive details regarding
the processing methods, such as silicon bulk and surface micromachining,
microstereolithography, LIGA, and electrodeposition, for the fabrication of
MEMS and NEMS. The systematic modeling of MEMS and NEMS from
device level up to system level is covered in Chapter 10, which provides a
detailed account regarding system-level modeling practices and issues. The
challenges and potentials of the use of MEMS in wireless communications
are presented in Chapter 11. This chapter also reviews the solutions to
several MEMS technology problems, such as temperature drift, dielectric
degradation, packaging, and stiction.
Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) has become a very promising
technology for designing the new generation of processors. Its potential for
high density and regularity makes it very useful for manufacturing digital
dataprocessors fordigitaltelecommunication systems andnetworks.Chap-
ter 12 provides a good understanding of the QCA and its applications in
telecommunication systems.
Information processing by transporting carriers in nanoelectronic devices
and circuits are shown to be severely affected by the breakdown of Ohm’s
law when the applied voltage in a nanoscale device exceeds the critical
voltage. This nonohmic behavior is the cause of the current saturation lead-
ing to a resistance blowup. In Chapter 13, we learn that this nonohmic
nonlinear behavior affects bothdigitaland analog signal processing.
The current trend is to miniaturize and make products multifunctional,
smaller, lighter, and faster. Thisis leading to the useof nanoscalestructures
andmaterials in developing semiconductor chips. However,the scale of the
physicalsystemsthatusethesenanoscaleelectronicdevicesisstilllargeand
thereforeresultsinseriouschallengestotheestablishmentofinterconnections
Preface ix
between nanoscale devices and the outside world. Chapter 14 describes the
different levelsofinterconnectionsandpresentsdetails regardingthestand-
ardized assembly processes for a broad spectrum of semiconductor devices
providingmicro-,nano-,bio-,andoptoelectronicsfunctions.
Recent progress on quantum networks provides a new method for the
transmission of messages. Due to significant interest in networks carrying
quantum information, a switch-based networking technology for quantum
networks is needed. Chapter 15 presents several concepts regarding quan-
tum switchingand its applications in quantum networks.
Thecreationofafundamentalnanotechnologyknowledgebaseandtheasso-
ciated new innovations needs establishing a laboratory and human resource
infrastructurethatcaneffectivelydealwiththechallengesofnanoscienceand
nanotechnology. Also, as worldwide demand for energy surges at an ever-
increasingrate, there is a new urgencytoimprovetheefficiency andsustain-
abilityofpower-generationtechnologies.Chapter16discussesthesetwotopics.
Being a platform technology, nanotechnology feeds its output into many
industries,whichusetheseinputstoimprovetheirproducts.Thus,anyeffort
to commercialize this technology has to be supported by scientific and
engineeringresearchcoupledwithaninnovativewell-fundedproductdevel-
opment and marketing program. Chapter 17 focuses on the issues and
opportunities associated with the commercialization of nanotechnology. It
alsodescribessomeofthekeyfactorsforsuccessinthecommercializationof
nanotechnology.
Finally,aglossaryofkeytermsusedinthedescription ofnanotechnology
applications in telecommunications is provided. The glossary does not list
eachandeverytechnicaltermusedtodescribenanotechnologyapplications
in telecommunications. However, every effort has been made to include the
importantterms.
It is hoped that this book will serve as a useful source of technical and
scientificinformationforprofessionals,researchers,andscientistswho want
to discover the challenges, issues, and opportunities associated with the
current and futuredevelopment of nanoscaletelecommunication systems.
SohailAnwar
w w
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