Nanotechnology for CO2 Utilization in Oilfield Applications

312 Pages·2022·14.413 MB·English

by  Tushar Sharma, Krishna Raghav Chaturvedi, Japan Trivedi

Nanotechnology for CO Utilization
2
in Oilfield Applications
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Nanotechnology
for CO Utilization
2
in Oilfield Applications
Tushar Sharma
Department ofPetroleum Engineering and Geosciences, Rajiv Gandhi
InstituteofPetroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi,Uttar Pradesh, India
Krishna Raghav Chaturvedi
EnhancedOilRecovery,RajivGandhiInstituteofPetroleumTechnology,
Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Japan J. Trivedi
FacultyofEngineering,CivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada
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Contents
Contributors xiii
1. Introduction
KrishnaRaghavChaturvedi,JapanJ.Trivedi, and
Tushar Sharma
1.1 Background 1
1.2 ChallengeswithCO injectionandutilizationin
2
oilfieldapplications 1
1.3 Whycurrentalternativesdonotwork? 3
1.4 Whatthebookaimstoachieve? 5
1.5 Scopeofthebook 7
References 7
Furtherreading 11
2. Synthesis and characterization of nanofluids
for oilfield applications
KrishnaRaghavChaturvedi andTushar Sharma
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Synthesisofnanofluids 15
2.2.1 SynthesisofNPs 16
2.2.2 Synthesisofnanofluids 17
2.3 Varioustypesofnanofluids 19
2.3.1 Metal-basednanofluid 20
2.3.2 Metal-oxidebasednanofluid 20
2.3.3 Carbon-basednanofluid 22
2.3.4 Hybrid/mixedmetal-basednanofluid 22
2.4 Nanofluidimagingmethods 22
2.5 Characterizationofnanofluids 25
2.6 Improvingstabilityofnanofluids 28
2.6.1 Methodstoevaluatestabilityofnanofluids 28
2.6.2 Methodstoimprovestabilityofnanofluids 31
References 33
v
vi Contents
3. Rheological characterization of nanofluids
Vishnu ChandrasekharanNair,PrashantJadhawar,
andPawanGupta
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Rheologicalbehaviorofnanofluids 39
3.3 Factorsaffectingtherheologyofnanofluids 44
3.3.1 Temperature 44
3.3.2 Volumefraction 45
3.3.3 Shearrate 45
3.3.4 Sizeofnanoparticles 46
3.3.5 Shapeofnanoparticles 47
3.3.6 Basefluidproperties 47
3.4 Experimentaldeterminationofrheologicalcharacteristics
ofnanofluids 48
3.5 Mathematicalmodelstopredicttherheology
ofnanofluid 48
3.6 Importanceofnanofluidrheologyinoilfield
applications 50
3.7 Conclusion 51
References 51
4. Why CO for oilfield applications?
2
Krishna RaghavChaturvedi,Anirban Mukherjee,
andTusharSharma
4.1 CO andindustrialdevelopment 59
2
4.2 CO asagreenhousegas 63
2
4.3 SourcesofCO 64
2
4.4 CO captureandstorage 65
2
4.5 Futureclimategoals 66
4.6 Roleofoilandgasindustryinmeetingclimate
targets 67
References 69
5. Carbonated nanofluids for EOR and improved
carbon storage
Krishna RaghavChaturvedi andTushar Sharma
5.1 Carbonation:Principlesandintroduction 71
5.2 CO solubility:MolalityandHenry’slaw 72
2
5.3 Absorptionkineticsinnanofluids 76
5.4 Physisorptionandchemisorption 77
5.5 Oilfieldapplicationsofcarbonatednanofluids:EOR 79
5.6 Carbonstoragepotentialandfutureresearchin
carbonatednanofluids 80
References 82
Contents vii
6. CO EOR and injection process: Role of
2
nanomaterials
Hisham KhaledBenMahmud,
KrishnaRaghavChaturvedi,andTushar Sharma
6.1 Introduction 85
6.1.1 CO characteristics 86
2
6.1.2 BenefitsandlimitationsofusingCO 87
2
6.1.3 RoleofnanomaterialsinimprovingCO efficacy 90
2
6.2 SourcesofCO 91
2
6.3 TypesandmethodsofCO -EOR 92
2
6.4 NanomaterialsinCO EOR 94
2
References 95
Furtherreading 96
7. Mass transfer by molecular diffusion
SomyaMishraand RajeshKumar Upadhyay
7.1 Diffusioninbulkfluidsandporousmedia 100
7.1.1 Diffusioninbulkfluids 100
7.2 Fick’slawofdiffusionforbinarymixtures 102
7.2.1 Fick’sfirstlaw 102
7.2.2 Fick’ssecondlaw 102
7.2.3 Diffusionthroughporousmedia 103
7.2.4 Surfacediffusion 104
7.3 Moleculardiffusionofgasesintoliquidphases 104
7.3.1 Two-filmtheory 104
7.3.2 Penetrationtheory 106
7.3.3 Surfacerenewaltheory 107
7.4 TheroleofCO moleculardiffusioninoilreservoirs 107
2
7.4.1 Primaryprocess 108
7.4.2 Secondaryprocess 108
7.4.3 Tertiaryprocess 108
7.4.4 MechanismofEORprocess 109
7.4.5 CO diffusionintooil 110
2
7.5 Determinationofgasdiffusioncoefficient 111
7.5.1 Experimentalmeasurementsofmasstransfer
parameters 112
7.5.2 Loschmidtcell 112
7.5.3 Two-bulbmethod 113
7.5.4 Stefantube 113
7.5.5 Gaschromatography 114
7.5.6 PVTmethod 114
7.5.7 Pressuredecaymethod 115
7.5.8 X-rayCATmethod 115
7.5.9 Empiricalcorrelationsofdiffusioncoefficients 116
7.6 Conclusion 118
References 121
viii Contents
8. Corrosion mitigation in oil reservoirs during CO
2
injection using nanomaterials
Abhishek SinghBhadouria,Alok Kumar,DevRaj,
Anshika Verma,Sukriti Singh, PrernaTripathi,
Yogendra Kumar,A.S.K.Sinha,NaveenMani Tripathi,
AntenehMesfinYeneneh, andDeepakDwivedi
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 Methodsofpreparation 128
8.3 Corrosioninhibitionandmechanisms 129
8.3.1 Corrosioninacidsolutions 132
8.3.2 Adsorptionofcorrosioninhibitorsonametal
surface 133
8.3.3 Metal/metaloxidenanoparticlesascorrosion
inhibitors 134
8.3.4 Nanocontainersforstorageofinhibitors 136
8.3.5 Carbondots(CDs) 137
8.3.6 Nanotubes 139
8.4 TheroleofCO inpromotingcorrosioninmultiphase
2
flowenvironment 139
8.5 Prospects 142
8.6 Conclusion 142
References 143
Furtherreading 145
9. Formation damage in oil reservoirs during CO
2
injection
G.L. Manjunath
9.1 Introduction 147
9.2 ChallengesduringCO flooding 149
2
9.2.1 Poreplugging 149
9.2.2 Asphalteneinducedwettabilityalteration 150
9.2.3 Permeabilitydamage 150
9.2.4 Interfacialtension(IFT) 151
9.2.5 Mobilityratio 151
9.2.6 Wettingconditionsoftherocksurface 152
9.2.7 Roleofnanomaterialsandtheirtypes 152
9.3 CO rockwaterinteraction:Howdonanomaterials
2
altertheequation? 153
9.4 ReservoirscreeningforCO -EORtoavoidformation
2
damage 154
9.5 Specialconsiderationsfornanofluidinjection 155
9.5.1 Concentrationofnanomaterials 155
9.5.2 Nanomaterialssizes 156
9.5.3 Temperature 157
9.5.4 Salinity 158
9.5.5 Injectionrateofthenanofluid 158
9.5.6 Surfactantnanofluid 158
Contents ix
9.6 CompositenanomaterialinEOR 159
9.6.1 Polymernanofluid 159
9.6.2 Combiningofnanomaterials 160
9.6.3 Nanomaterialsandemulsionstability 161
9.7 Challengesandopportunitiesforfutureresearch 162
9.8 Conclusion 163
References 163
10. Current advances, challenges, and prospects
of CO capture, storage, and utilization
2
TaherehJafary,AntenehMesfinYeneneh,JimohAdewole,
AsmaAlKharousi,ThirumalaiKumar,DevRaj,AlokKumar,
PrernaTripathi,A.S.K.Sinha,andDeepakDwivedi
10.1 Introduction 167
10.2 Carbonstorageandtrappingmechanisms 168
10.2.1 Carbonstorageandtrappingmechanisms 168
10.2.2 Methodsofcarboncapture 169
10.2.3 CO storageindeepocean 171
2
10.2.4 CO storagebycarbonationofminerals 171
2
10.3 CO transportmechanismsandmodelsrepresenting
2
geosequestrationprocess 172
10.4 BiologicalCO Ultilization:Status,prospectsand
2
challenges 175
10.5 PhotosyntheticCO conversion 176
2
10.5.1 Cyanobacteria 176
10.5.2 Algae 178
10.5.3 NonphotosyntheticCO conversion 180
2
10.6 Nanotechnologyforcarbongeosequestrationand
relatedapplications 182
10.6.1 Photo-electrochemicalreductionofCO 182
2
10.6.2 Photo-nano-catalyticreductionofCO 183
2
10.6.3 Nanomaterialsforplasmacatalytic
hydrogenationofCO 183
2
10.6.4 Carboncaptureandstorageusingsolidand
liquidnanoabsorbents 183
10.6.5 Challengesoflarge-scaleimplementationof
nanotechnologyforCO captureandmitigation 185
2
10.7 CO geosequestrationchallengesandfutureprospects 185
2
References 186
11. Governing mechanism of nanofluids for CO EOR
2
Madhar Sahib Azadand JapanJ.Trivedi
11.1 FundamentalsofEOR 195
11.1.1 Stagesofoilrecovery 195
11.1.2 EORrecoveryconcepts 196
11.1.3 TwomainEORparameters 197
11.1.4 Whywaterfloodingefficiencyisgenerallylow? 198