nanostructures in electronics and photonics

315 Pages·2008·51.92 MB·English

N A N O PAT H O L O G Y
THE HEALTH IMPACT OF
NANOPARTICLES
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ANTONIETTA M GATTI
University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Italy
STEFANO MONTANARI
Laboratory Nanodiagnostics, Italy
N A N O P A T H O L O G Y
THE HEALTH IMPACT OF
NANOPARTICLES
Published by
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
NANOSTRUCTURES IN ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS
Copyright © 2008 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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ISBN-13978-981-4241-10-6
ISBN-10981-4241-10-5
Printed in Singapore.
Rhaimie - Nanostructures.pmd 1 1/16/2008, 5:05 PM
PREFACE

For many years now, engineering at the very small scale has remained
the driving force behind a significant share of the global economy. Over
the past four decades, microelectronic devices have proliferated and their
myriad uses have increasingly defined our modern lifestyles. Throughout
the microelectronics era, the sizes of individual devices integrated on
semiconductor chips have been steadily reduced. With this trend still
continuing, a future is in sight when we shall reach the end of the road
for conventional device miniaturization. This will come about both as a
result of the graininess of matter and the quantum mechanical nature of
physical phenomena that become evident at very small length scales.
Although the limitations would principally come from material science
and physics, their repercussions would be largely economical. In order to
keep the semiconductor industry profitable, new materials, processing
techniques and device architectures will be needed. At the time of this
writing we have about ten years to prepare for a graceful handover to
alternative technologies. By all accounts, these futuristic technologies
will exploit the physics and technology of novel devices whose
dimensions will be measured in nanometers — 1 nanometer being one-
billionth of a meter. Structures and devices at this scale are already at the
heart of modern technology and these are going to play increasingly
important roles in the future. Nanotechnology — the engineering
discipline concerned with studying and fabricating such ultra small
objects is now a thriving field in applied sciences and is attracting more
researchers and funding throughout the world. Several countries have
made nanotechnology funding a very high priority in their budget
allocations, as an appreciation for its potential has grown in recent years.
Developed countries as well as a number of developing countries see
much promise from nanotechnology in fields as diverse as information
technology and health care.
The interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology is perhaps the most
noticeable feature of this new field. The nano world can be approached
from several different disciplines such as materials science, electronics,
physics, chemistry and biology. This creates new opportunities for
scientists and engineers as well as policy makers. It is clear that
explorations and innovations in this realm will open up entirely new
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Nanostructures in Electronics and Photonics
possibilities. This is good news for a world that is increasingly short of
non-renewable sources of both materials and energy. Recognizing the
potential of nanotechnology, many companies have started research in
this field and more are joining them every year. Universities too are
increasingly active in this area. As researchers we need to have a broad
understanding of what our fellow researchers are doing elsewhere. This
book is geared towards satisfying that need. Nanotechnology being such
a wide discipline, this book is only concerned with its applications in
electronics and photonics and in that too it looks at only a narrow
selection of topics. The book contains a selection of 16 chapters
contributed by a number of research teams around the world. They have
especially expanded and adapted these chapters from papers published
by them in the recent past.
After the introductory chapter the book is divided into two parts.
The first is comprised of works that deal with electronic applications of
nanotechnology whereas the following part is constituted of
nanotechnology applications in pushing the frontiers of photonic
technologies. The chapters are focused on experimental aspects of
nanotechnology rather than theoretical studies or computer modeling. All
the contributors are active researchers in their fields of specialization and
thus this book provides an up-to-date survey of the state of contemporary
nanotechnology. The publisher, editor and contributors hope that it will
be useful to both students and professional researchers alike.

Editor
Faiz Rahman
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
University of Glasgow
Scotland, United Kingdom
vi
CONTENTS

Preface v

List of Contributions ix

1 From Microstructures to Nanostructures 1
Faiz Rahman
Nanoscale Materials and Structures for Electronics
2 Assembling Ferromagnetic Single-electron Transistors with
Atomic Force Microscopy 29
Hakån Pettersson, Ruisheng Liu, Dmitry Suyatin and
Lars Samuelson

3 Nanoporous Alumina Templates for Nanowire Electron
Devices 41
Travis L. Wade, Costel S. Cojocaru, Jean-Eric
Wegrowe and Didier Pribat

4 Single-walled Carbon Nanotube Transistors 63
Sunkook Kim and Saeed Mohammadi

5 Cooling with Integrated Carbon Nanotube Films 83
Géza Tóth, Krisztián Kordás, Pulickel M. Ajayan and
Robert Vajtai

6 AC Dielectrophoresis Alignment of Gallium Nitride
Nanowires (GaN NWs) for Use in Device Applications 97
Sang-Kwon Lee, Tae-Hong Kim and Seung-Yong Lee

7 Design, Fabrication, and Applications of Large-area
Well-ordered Dense-array Three-dimensional
Nanostructures 113
Chang-Hwan Choi and Chang-Jin “CJ” Kim
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Nanostructures in Electronics and Photonics
8 UV-NIL Stamp Fabrication Techniques with Diamond-like
Carbon Film 131
Jun-ho Jeong, Ali Ozhan Altun and Ki-don Kim

9 ZnO Nanowires and Nanobelts: Structure Switch by Indium
Doping 155
Hong Jin Fan

10 Field Emission Properties of 1-D SiC Nanostructures 179
Guozen Shen and Di Chen
Nanoscale Materials and Structures for Photonics
11 Manipulating the Optical Properties of Individual and
Arrays of Gold Nanopyramids 193
Jeunghoon Lee, Joel Henzie and Teri W. Odom

12 Properties of Gold Nanoantennas in the Infrared 209
F. Neubrech, J. Aizpurua, S. Karim, T. W. Cornelius,
and A. Pucci

13 Three-dimensional Holographic Polymeric Photonic Crystal
Operating in the Optical Communication Window 223
Jiaqi Chen and Ray T. Chen

14 Continuous Roll Nano-imprinting Technology for Large-
scale Nano- and Microstructures 237
Shinill Kang, Suho Ann and Seok-min Kim

15 Fabrication and Characterization of Two-dimensional ZnO
Photonic Nanostructures 251
Jingbiao Cui

16 Visible Light Emission from Innate Silicon Nanoparticles in
Silicon-compound Films Grown at Low Temperatures 267
Cao Zexian

Index 295
viii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS

1. From Microstructures to Nanostructures
Faiz Rahman
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow,
Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
NANOSCALE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FOR
ELECTRONICS
2. Assembling Ferromagnetic Single-electron Transistors with Atomic
Force Microscopy
Hakån Petterssona,b, Ruisheng S. Liua,b, Dmitry Suyatinb and Lars Samuelsonb
a Center for Applied Mathematics and Physics, Halmstad University, Box 823,
SE-301 18, Halmstad, Sweden
b Solid State Physics and the Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University,
Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
3. Nanoporous Alumina Templates for Nanowire Electron Devices
Travis L. Wadea, Costel S. Cojocarua, Jean-Eric Wegrowea and Didier Pribatb
a Laboratoires des Solides Irradiés, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau,
France
b Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces, Ecole
Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
4. Single-walled Carbon Nanotube Transistors
Sunkook Kim and Saeed Mohammadi
Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA

ix