Table Of ContentNanostructured semiconductor oxides for the next
generation of electronics and functional devices
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials:
Number 53
Nanostructured
semiconductor
oxides for the
next generation
of electronics and
functional devices
Properties and applications
Serge Zhuiykov
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
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First published 2014, Woodhead Publishing Limited
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Contents
About the author ix
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and
Optical Materials xi
Introduction xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Electrons and holes in a semiconductor 1
1.1 Order and disorder in semiconductor crystals 1
1.2 Electrical conductivity of semiconductor crystals 6
1.3 Mechanisms of n- and p-type conductivity 12
1.4 The energy spectrum of an electron in an infi nite crystal
lattice 17
1.5 The energy spectrum of an electron in a fi nite
crystal lattice 24
1.6 Statistics of electrons and holes in semiconductors 31
1.7 Limits of the band theory of semiconductors 39
1.8 State-of-the-art techniques for characterization of
nanostructured semiconductors 43
1.9 References 47
2 Structural and chemical modifi cation of
semiconductor nanocrystals 50
2.1 Introduction 50
2.2 Vapour-phase material growth 51
2.3 Solution-phase material growth 53
2.4 Vertical and horizontal alignment strategies 55
2.5 Doping of metal oxide semiconductor systems 58
2.6 Energy harvesting based on semiconductor
piezoelectric nanostructutres 66
2.7 Physical electrochemistry of semiconductor
nanocrystals 69
2.8 Structural and electrochemical properties of
semiconductor nanocrystals 79
2.9 References 84
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014
vi Contents
3 Electronic devices and functional structures based
on nanostructured semiconductors 95
3.1 Introduction to novel nanoscale devices from
nanostructured semiconductors 95
3.2 Tunable electronic devices 96
3.3 Optoelectronics based on nanostructured
semiconductors 102
3.4 Resonators and cantilevers based on nanostructured
semiconductors 114
3.5 Functional structures: carbon nanotubes 118
3.6 Carbon nanotubes for environmental sensors 124
3.7 References 129
4 Two-dimensional semiconductor nanocrystals:
new direction in science and technology 139
4.1 Physical and chemical properties of graphene 139
4.2 The impact of these properties on science and industry 140
4.3 Chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals 148
4.4 Titanium dioxide nanocrystals 162
4.5 Molybdenum trioxide nanocrystals 167
4.6 Tungsten trioxide nanocrystals 173
4.7 Niobium pentoxide nanocrystals 178
4.8 Tantalum pentoxide nanocrystals 187
4.9 Zinc oxide nanocrystals 191
4.10 Impact of combining two-dimensional semiconductor
nanocrystals into three-dimensional structure 196
4.11 References 198
5 Composite graphene/semiconductor
nanostructures for energy storage 213
5.1 Performance of graphene in lithium ion batteries 213
5.2 Performance of graphene in electrochemical capacitors 222
5.3 Prospects of using graphene in lithium ion batteries
(LIBs) and electrochemical capacitors (ECs) 225
5.4 Composite graphene/semiconductor nanocrystals in
LIBs and ECs 229
5.5 Development of three-dimensional conductive networks 237
5.6 Nanostructured thermopower wave sources 247
5.7 References 254
6 Nanostructured semiconductor composites
for solar cells 267
6.1 Operating principle of a liquid-junction photovoltaic cell 267
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014
Contents vii
6.2 Nanostructured semiconductors as solar harvesting
materials: strategic potential of inorganic
semiconductors in photovoltaics 271
6.3 Principles of inorganic solid-state nanostructured
solar cells 273
6.4 Structured transparent electron conductors 275
6.5 Semiconductor quantum dot absorbers 286
6.6 Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) 291
6.7 Future trends in technological development 303
6.8 References 306
7 Nanostructured semiconductor composites
for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 321
7.1 Introduction to materials and designs for solid oxide
fuel cells (SOFCs) 321
7.2 Nanostructured cathode materials 324
7.3 Electrolytes for SOFCs 334
7.4 Nanostructured anode materials 338
7.5 Interconnects for SOFCs 340
7.6 Miniaturisation of SOFCs 346
7.7 Low-temperature SOFCs 351
7.8 Toward further performance increase of SOFCs
at lower temperatures 355
7.9 Rational SOFC material design: new advances and tools 359
7.10 SOFC applications and markets 363
7.11 References 365
8 Semiconductor nanocrystals in environmental
sensors 374
8.1 Solid-state pH sensors 374
8.2 Electrochemical dissolved oxygen (DO) sensors 389
8.3 Conductivity measurements 398
8.4 Antifouling technologies for solid-state water
quality sensors 400
8.5 Solid-state turbidity sensors 403
8.6 Solid-state dissolved organic carbon (DOC) sensors 405
8.7 Solid-state dissolved metal ion sensors 409
8.8 Future trends 414
8.9 References 417
Index 427
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014
About the author
Dr Serge Zhuiykov is a principal research scientist of the Materials Science
and Engineering Division of the Commonwealth Scientifi c and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia. He is a Stream Leader of
the Sensors and Sensor Networks Transformation Capability Platform
(SSN TCP) of CSIRO. He also leads one of the SSN TCP research projects.
As a scientist, he possesses combined academic and industrial experience
from working at different universities in Australia, Japan and Europe and
in an industrial environment for more than 22 years after the completion
of his Ph.D. His research interests include the development of new advanced
functional nanocrystals including 2D semiconductor nanostructures for
various applications such as photovoltaics, nano-electronics and various
environmental nanosensors. As an expert, Dr Zhuiykov has been a member
of the Technical Committee of Standards Australia International since 2003
and the offi cial head of the Australian delegation at the International
Standards Organisation (ISO) TC-21/SC-8 Technical Committee since 2005.
Dr Zhuiykov is a recipient of 2007, 2011, 2013 Australian Academy of
ix
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014
x About the author
Science and 2010 Australian Government Endeavour Executive Awards for
his work on advanced functional nanocrystals and their applications. He is
the author and co-author of more than 175 scientifi c publications, including
the monograph E lectrochemistry of Zirconia Gas Sensors (CRC Press,
2007), six book chapters and 15 international patents. He is also the reviewer
of several international scientifi c journals, and an art lover, painter and pas-
sionate collector.
Author contact details:
Commonwealth Scientifi c Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
Materials Science and Engineering Division
37 Graham Road, Highett, VIC. 3190
Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014
