Table Of ContentNANOSTRUCTURED,
FUNCTIONAL, AND
FLEXIBLE MATERIALS
FOR ENERGY
CONVERSION AND
STORAGE SYSTEMS
Edited by
ALAGARSAMY PANDIKUMAR
PERUMAL RAMESHKUMAR
Elsevier
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Contributors
RafaelAbargues
UMDO,InstitutodeCienciadelosMateriales,UniversidaddeValencia,Valencia,Spain
SouravAcharya
DepartmentofChemistry,IIT(ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India
SomasundaramAnbuAnjugamVandarkuzhali
NationalCentreforCatalysisResearch,IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,Chennai,
TamilNadu,India
A.Arulraj
GrapheneandAdvanced2DMaterialsResearchGroup(GAMRG),SchoolofScienceand
Technology,SunwayUniversity,Selangor,Malaysia
SaravanaVadivuArunachalam
DepartmentofChemistry,SchoolofAdvancedSciences,KalasalingamAcademyof
ResearchandEducation,Virudhunagar,TamilNadu,India
NorfatehahBasiron
SchoolofMaterials&MineralResourcesEngineering,EngineeringCampus,Universiti
SainsMalaysia,NibongTebal,PulauPinang,Malaysia
R.JosephBensingh
AdvancedResearchSchoolforTechnologyandProductSimulation(ARSTPS),Schoolfor
AdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP),CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringand
Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India
GaneshChandraNayak
DepartmentofChemistry,IIT(ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India
MyongYongChoi
DepartmentofChemistryandResearchInstituteofNaturalScience,GyeongsangNational
University,Jinju,Gyeongnam,RepublicofKorea
ShrabaniDe
DepartmentofChemistry,IIT(ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India
DuraisamiDhamodharan
CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey
LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China
NidhinDivakaran
CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey
LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China
xi
xii Contributors
KingshukDutta
AdvancedResearchSchoolforTechnologyandProductSimulation(ARSTPS),Schoolfor
AdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP),CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringand
Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India
ChandraSekharEspenti
DepartmentofChemistry,RajeevGandhiMemorialCollegeofEngineeringand
Technology,Kurnool,AndhraPradesh,India
A.Gowrisankar
DepartmentofChemistry,BharathiarUniversity,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
VasanthRajendiranJothi
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,HanyangUniversity,Seongdong-gu,Seoul,
SouthKorea
Ho-YoungJung
DepartmentofEnvironment&EnergyEngineering,ChonnamNationalUniversity,
Gwangju,RepublicofKorea;CenterforEnergyStorageSystem,ChonnamNational
University,Gwangju,RepublicofKorea
M.AbdulKader
AdvancedResearchSchoolforTechnologyandProductSimulation(ARSTPS),Schoolfor
AdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP),CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringand
Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India
ManojB.Kale
CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey
LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China
K.Karthick
AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),CSIR-Campus,NewDelhi,
India;MaterialsElectrochemistry(ME)Division,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearch
Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
K.Karuppasamy
DivisionofElectronicsandElectricalEngineering,DonggukUniversity-Seoul,Seoul,
SouthKorea
Hyun-SeokKim
DivisionofElectronicsandElectricalEngineering,DonggukUniversity-Seoul,Seoul,
SouthKorea
VijayS.Kumbhar
DepartmentofEnergyChemicalEngineering,SchoolofNano&MaterialsScienceand
Engineering,KyungpookNationalUniversity,Sangju,Gyeonsang-daero,Republicof
Korea
SubrataKundu
MaterialsElectrochemistry(ME)Division,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearch
Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
Contributors xiii
N.LakshmanaReddy
NanocatalysisandSolarFuelsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofMaterialsScience&
Nanotechnology,YogiVemanaUniversity,Kadapa,AndhraPradesh,India;Departmentof
EnergyChemicalEngineering,SchoolofNano&MaterialsScienceandEngineering,
KyungpookNationalUniversity,Sangju,Gyeonsang-daero,RepublicofKorea
SeungJunLee
DepartmentofChemistryandResearchInstituteofNaturalScience,GyeongsangNational
University,Jinju,Gyeongnam,RepublicofKorea
KiyoungLee
DepartmentofEnergyChemicalEngineering,SchoolofNano&MaterialsScienceand
Engineering,KyungpookNationalUniversity,Sangju,Gyeonsang-daero,Republicof
Korea
N.Malarvizhi
DepartmentofChemistry,GuruNanakCollege,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
JuanP.Martínez-Pastor
UMDO,InstitutodeCienciadelosMateriales,UniversidaddeValencia,Valencia,Spain
SuhailMubarak
CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey
LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China
A.Murali
SchoolforAdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP)-ARSTPS,CentralInstituteofPlastics
Engineering&Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India
A.Nichelson
DepartmentofPhysics,NationalEngineeringCollege,K.R.Nagar,Kovilpatti,Tamil
Nadu,India
S.T.Nishanthi
ElectrochemicalPowerSourcesDivision,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearch
Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
AlagarsamyPandikumar
FunctionalMaterialsDivision,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearchInstitute,
Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
S.Priya
DepartmentofPlantBiology&Biotechnology,LoyolaCollege,Chennai,TamilNadu,
India
AlagarRamar
GraduateInstituteofAppliedScienceandTechnology,NationalTaiwanUniversityof
ScienceandTechnology,Taipei,Taiwan,RepublicofChina
PedroJ.Rodríguez-Canto(cid:1)
UMDO,InstitutodeCienciadelosMateriales,UniversidaddeValencia,Valencia,Spain
xiv Contributors
T.Sadhasivam
DepartmentofEnvironment&EnergyEngineering,ChonnamNationalUniversity,
Gwangju,RepublicofKorea;CenterforEnergyStorageSystem,ChonnamNational
University,Gwangju,RepublicofKorea
KhairulArifahSaharudin
SchoolofMaterials&MineralResourcesEngineering,EngineeringCampus,Universiti
SainsMalaysia,NibongTebal,PulauPinang,Malaysia
SumantaSahoo
DepartmentofChemistry,IIT(ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India
M.Sakar
CentreforNanoandMaterialSciences,JainUniversity,Bangalore,Karnataka,India
S.SamSankar
AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),CSIR-Campus,NewDelhi,
India;MaterialsElectrochemistry(ME)Division,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearch
Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
T.Saravanakumar
DepartmentofNanoscienceandTechnology,AnnaUniversityRegionalCampus,
Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
M.Selvaraj
DepartmentofChemistry,GuruNanakCollege,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
T.Selvaraju
DepartmentofChemistry,BharathiarUniversity,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
T.Senthil
AdvancedResearchSchoolforTechnologyandProductSimulation(ARSTPS),Schoolfor
AdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP),CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringand
Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India
M.V.Shankar
NanocatalysisandSolarFuelsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofMaterialsScience&
Nanotechnology,YogiVemanaUniversity,Kadapa,AndhraPradesh,India
ParamasivamShanmugam
DepartmentofChemistry,St.JosephUniversity,Dimapur,Nagaland,India
SubramanianSingaravadivel
DepartmentofChemistry,SSMInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Dindigul,Tamil
Nadu,India
GandhiSivaraman
DepartmentofChemistry,GandhigramRuralInstituteeDeemedtobeUniversity,
Gandhigram,TamilNadu,India
AnanthakumarSoosaimanickam
UMDO,InstitutodeCienciadelosMateriales,UniversidaddeValencia,Valencia,Spain
Contributors xv
SrimalaSreekantan
SchoolofMaterials&MineralResourcesEngineering,EngineeringCampus,Universiti
SainsMalaysia,NibongTebal,PulauPinang,Malaysia
TammineniVenkataSurendra
DepartmentofChemistry,RajeevGandhiMemorialCollegeofEngineeringand
Technology,Kurnool,AndhraPradesh,India
WaqasHassanTanveer
ResearchCentreforCarbonSolutions,Heriot-WattUniversity,Edinburgh,United
Kingdom;DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,SchoolofMechanicaland
ManufacturingEngineering,NationalUniversityofSciencesandTechnology(NUST),
Islamabad,Pakistan
JayaramanTheerthagiri
DepartmentofChemistryandResearchInstituteofNaturalScience,GyeongsangNational
University,Jinju,Gyeongnam,RepublicofKorea;CentreofExcellenceforEnergy
Research,CentreforNanoscienceandNanotechnology,SathyabamaInstituteofScience
andTechnology(DeemedtobeUniversity),Chennai,TamilNadu,India
DhanasekaranVikraman
DivisionofElectronicsandElectricalEngineering,DonggukUniversity-Seoul,Seoul,
SouthKorea
Fu-MingWang
GraduateInstituteofAppliedScienceandTechnology,NationalTaiwanUniversityof
ScienceandTechnology,Taipei,Taiwan,RepublicofChina
LaiChinWei
Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,InstituteforAdvancedStudies,University
ofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
LixinWu
CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey
LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China
Sung-ChulYi
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,HanyangUniversity,Seongdong-gu,Seoul,South
Korea;DepartmentofHydrogenandFuelCellTechnology,HanyangUniversity,Seoul,
SouthKorea
CHAPTER 1
Basic principles in energy
conversion and storage
Jayaraman Theerthagiri1,2,a, Seung Jun Lee1,a,
Paramasivam Shanmugam3, Myong Yong Choi1
1DepartmentofChemistryandResearchInstituteofNaturalScience,GyeongsangNationalUniversity,
Jinju,Gyeongnam,RepublicofKorea;2CentreofExcellenceforEnergyResearch,Centrefor
NanoscienceandNanotechnology,SathyabamaInstituteofScienceandTechnology(Deemedtobe
University),Chennai,TamilNadu,India;3DepartmentofChemistry,St.JosephUniversity,Dimapur,
Nagaland,India
1. Introduction
Energy is indisputably one of the foremost issues of modern society and
plays an important role in economic growth. In the current energy sce-
nario, researchers have particularly focused on the production and con-
sumption of energy. However, energy consumption increase is inevitable
because of the growing population and economic growth in developing
countries. Nevertheless, the tremendous exploitation of fossil fuels as
nonrenewable sources has raised concerns about the lack of energy re-
sources and CO emissions that deteriorate the environment [1e3]. To
2
overcometheseissues,anaffordable,clean,andrenewableenergyresource,
which can be an alternative to fossil fuels, is urgently required. As an
importantsteptowardtheutilizationofrenewableenergyresources,energy
storage and conversion devices have attracted global attention. Highly
efficient electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices with
minimal toxicity, low cost, and flexibility in energy utilization are
considered to meet the ever-expanding energy demand in electric vehicles
(EV), consumer electronics, and miniaturized devices.
The performance of the electrochemical energy storage and conversion
devices is closely associated with physicochemical properties of materials
utilized. For example, materials with limited electrochemical active surface
sites and bulk materials with slow diffusion cannot be utilized in energy
devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. Also, the low electrocatalytic
behavior of energy materials is not suitable for making highly efficient
aTheseauthors contributedequallytothiswork.
Nanostructured,Functional,andFlexibleMaterialsforEnergy
ConversionandStorageSystems
ISBN978-0-12-819552-9 ©2020ElsevierInc.
1
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819552-9.00001-4 Allrightsreserved.
2 Nanostructured,Functional,andFlexibleMaterialsforEnergyConversionandStorageSystems
dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and fuel cells [4e6]. On the other hand,
nanomaterials with exceptional surface structures have gained immense
interest because of their unique electrical and mechanical properties, and
theirsurfacepropertiesalsoplayavitalroleintheelectrochemicalbehavior.
The advent of nanotechnology offers a new platform for the design and
fabrication of energy materials with nanosized structures. Thus, the per-
formance of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices has
highly benefitted from the field of nanotechnology.
This chapter outlines the specific features, basic landscape, general
components,andperformanceevaluationofvariouselectrochemicalenergy
storage and conversion devices, such as batteries, supercapacitors, DSSCs,
photocatalytic hydrogenproduction viawatersplitting,andfuel cells. Also,
nanostructured materials in energy storage and conversion technologies are
emphasized.
2. Lithium batteries
Lithium-ionbatteries(LIBs)are themostpromisingcandidatesforportable
electronics and EV applications. It was first developed in Japan by Asahi
Kasei Company in 1991. The first rechargeable LIB made up of LiCoO
2
cathode and graphite anode was commercialized by Sony [7]. Currently,
available LIBs in the market possess high energy density and good per-
formance, as lithium is the lightest metal and most electropositive metallic
element ((cid:1)3.04V vs. standard hydrogen electrode) and therefore enables
anelectrochemicalstoragedevicewithhighenergydensities[8].Moreover,
LIBs can undergo more than 1000 charge/discharge cycles and can be
manufactured in various sizes and dimensions. The maintenance of LIBs is
quite simple compared with the other battery technologies, such as
leadeacid, NaeNiCl , and NieMH batteries. The LIB technology has
2
beenwidely used in electronic devices and hasrecently beenintroduced to
thehybridEVmarketasasuitablecandidatetopowerelectriccars[9].Still,
researchers have been focusing on electrodes, electrolyte materials, and
designsofthistechnologytodecreasethecost,improvethecyclinglife,and
increase the safety.
2.1 Battery principle and basics
A LIB is a type of rechargeable energy storage device that converts stored
chemical energy into electrical energy by means of chemical reactions of
lithium. The simplest unit of LIBs called electrochemical cell consists of
