Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems

415 Pages·2022·23.351 MB·English

by  Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti

Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and

Intelligent Healthcare Systems

Edited by
Suresh Kaushik
Department of Chemistry

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

New Delhi, India

Vijay Soni
Department of Medicine

Weill Cornell Medicine

New York, NY, USA

Efstathia Skotti
Department of Food Science and Technology

Ionian University

Argostoli, Greece

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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
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Preface

Healthcare sector is probably the most benefited from the application of
nanotechnology. The concept of nanotechnology was proposed in 1965 by Richard
Feynman, a physicist and Nobel Laureate. The main idea behind nanotechnology
was to exploit the advantages of miniaturization of materials and explore the
future of creating compelling and tinier devices. The standard working range of
nanotechnology is 1 to 100 nanometers. The matter changes its behavior as its size
reduced to nanoscale due to quantum size effects. One of the early applications
of nanotechnology is in the field of nanosensors. A nanosensor is not necessarily
a device merely reduced in size to few nanometers, but a device that makes use
of the unique properties of nanomaterials and nanoparticles to detect and measure
new types of events in the nanoscale. A typical sensor has three main modules: a
receptor a transducer and a detector with a digital output. Hence, nanosensors are
sensing devices with at least one of their sensing dimensions up to 100 nm. The
nanostructure materials used in production of nanosensors include nanoscale wires,
carbon nanotubes, thin films, nanoparticles and polymer nanomaterials.
In order to provide better-quality healthcare, it is very important that high
standards of health care management are achieved by making timely decisions
based on rapid diagnostics, smart data analysis and informatics analysis. Smart
nanosensors are emerging as efficient and affordable analytical diagnostics tools
for early-stage disease detection. Nanosensor can detect analytes or biomarkers in
small quantity of samples such as blood, saliva, tears, sweat. A biological marker
or biomarker is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an
indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacologic
responses to a therapeutic intervention. Emerging nanomaterial science and flexible
electronics have led to wearable biophysical nanosensors that are capable of
monitoring human activities, body motions, and electrophysiological signals such
as electrocephalogram and electrocardiogram. Wearable biochemical nanosensors
are emerging for noninvasive detection of molecular-level indicators such as
electrolytes and metabolites from biofluids. Nanosensors are widely used to detect
antibodies, antigens or nucleic acids in crude samples such as saliva, sputum and
blood based upon colorimetric, fluorescent or electrochemical detection approaches.
Nanobiosensor offers many advantages such as being affordable, sensitive, specific,
user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free and deliverable to end user.
Wearable devices such as activity trackers and smart watches can provide
unique insights into our health and well-being. During the coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the potential of wearable health devices has become
iv Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems
increasingly apparent. With the advances in point-of-care testing, chip-based and
paper-based nanobiosensors have been developed for rapid diagnosis of infectious
diseases, ensuring fast detection of analytes near to the patients facilitating a
better disease diagnosis, monitoring and management. Hence, nanobiosensors can
be a reliable and cost-effective way to detect specific pathogen in point-of-care
settings. Wearable nanobiosensors have potential to provide continuous real-time
physiological information via dynamic, noninvasive measurements of biochemical
markers in biofluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva and interstitial fluids. Wearable
sensors have received much attention since the arrival of smartphones and other
mobile devices. Wearable monitoring platforms can lead insights into dynamic
biochemical processes in biofluids by enabling continuous, real-time monitoring
of biomarkers. Such real-time monitoring can provide information on wellness and
health. As the disease can be diagnosed at an early stage, quick medical decision can
be taken to start early treatment. Numerous potential point-of-care devices have been
developed in recent years which are paving the way to next-generation point-of-care
testing.
Significant advances in wireless communication and networking technologies
have paved the way to envisage and design innovative healthcare services. Various
wireless technologies have been used to transmit data within a wearable body area
network. Wearable sensor nodes are deployed inside a wearable body area network
to monitor physiological signals. The Internet of NanoThing, the interconnection of
nanoscale devices to the existing communication networks, has the potential to bring
a revolutionizing advancement in the field of real-time monitoring of healthcare
services. A combination of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and
transport systems have been integrated, miniaturized and combined with flexible
materials for improved wearability and ease of operation.
The overall theme of this book is to compile a comprehensive treatise on
nanosensors for healthcare system. Specifically, we address the enthusiasm that
nanosensors technology including wearable and wireless tools have provided to
monitor health status in real-time and diagnosis of infectious disease particularly
keeping the in view the current situation of pandemic COVID-19 disease worldwide,
which might change the behavior of people in future. With this view, we have
designed the book with two Sections-I and II, explaining the fundamentals and applied
technologies in nanosensor based-medical devices used in healthcare systems. Under
Section-I from Chapters 1 to 9, we have attempted to focus on the basic concept of
nanosensor technologies applied in wearable and implantable medical devices used
in disease diagnosis and monitoring health status, while sensing paradigms, wireless,
array and microfluidics technologies applied in implantable and wearable devices for
real-time monitoring health status are discussed under Section-II from Chapters 10
to 17. In Chapter 1, we provided the basics and recent advances of smart nanosensor
technology in healthcare sector. Chapter 2 discusses about the development of
nanosensor technology in biomarkers detection used for disease diagnosis, while
Chapter 3 addresses infectious disease diagnosis including COVID-19 disease
using innovative nanosensors. Chapters 4 to 9 are centered on recent advances in
wearable and implantable devices providing a glimpse into the world of wearables.
In Chapter 4, wearable devices for real-time disease monitoring are covered to
Preface v
provide insight into the point of care treatment (POCT), specially during pandemic
coronavirus disease period. Nanocarbon-based sensor are discussed for wearable
health monitoring parameters such as EEG, ECG, EMG in Chapter 5. Chapter 6
provides a basic background of electrochemical wearable sensors for applications
in biomedical and healthcare system. Smart textile-based wearables nanosensors are
addressed in Chapter 7, while emerging topic of electronic-skin (E-skin) is introduced
in Chapter 8. Non-invasive and implantable wearable and dermal nanosystems
applied for healthcare are covered in Chapter 9. Chapters 10 and 11 discuss the use
of nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors in healthcare system and provide the
recent development in this technology. Chapter 12 describes minimally invasive
microneedle nanosensors focusing on COVID-19 disease. Wireless nanosensors
used in healthcare system for monitoring health status in real-time are described
in Chapter 13. Chapter 14 explores the potential role of nanosensors in Internet of
Medical Things (IoMT). In Chapter 15, microfluidics chip technology for disease
diagnosis is discussed using the dielectrophoresis technique. Chapter 16 provides the
recent development in nanosensor array technology for multiplexed sensing in real-
time monitoring of health status. The book will not be complete without a discussion
on the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare systems (Chapter 17), as these are
becoming fundamental to innovative approaches for smart and intelligence medical
diagnosis and monitoring health status in real-time in futuristic healthcare sector.
We believe that this book will be very useful and valuable to researchers,
scientists, engineers, technocrats working in development of nanosensors for smart
healthcare systems. Fast, portable, new, and easy-to-use devices that involves
nanosensors can be modified according to the information presented in this book.
The completion of this book could not have been possible without help, inspiration,
and encouragement from many people including our families. Finally, we would like
to express our sincere gratitude to the leading authors, who accepted our invitation
to join us and dedicated their valuable time and efforts to guarantee the success of
the book.
Suresh Kaushik
Vijay Soni
Efstathia Skotti

Contents

Preface iii

List of Abbreviations ix

Section I: Sensing Paradigms of Wearables and Implantable
Devices for Medical Diagnostics
1. Smart Nanosensors in Healthcare: Recent Developments 3

and Applications

Sneh Lata Gupta and Srijani Basu
2. Nanosensor Technology in Biomarker Detection 19

Priyanka Mishra and Shashi Kant Tiwari
3. Innovative Nanobiosensors for Infectious Disease Diagnosis 41

Amitesh Anand and Deependra Kumar Ban
4. Wearable Devices for Real-time Disease Monitoring in Healthcare 54

Pramila Jakhar, Pandey Rajagopalan, Mayoorika Shukla and Vipul Singh
5. Nanocarbon-Based Sensor for Wearable Health Monitoring 80

Md. Milon Hossain, Abbas Ahmed and Maliha Marzana
6. Electrochemical Wearable Sensor for Biomedical and 99

Healthcare Applications

Yugender Goud Kotagiri, Shekher Kummari, Roger Narayan,
Vinay Sharma and Rupesh Kumar Mishra
7. Smart Textile-Based Interactive, Stretchable and Wearable 112

Sensors for Healthcare

Abbas Ahmed, Bapan Adak and Samrat Mukhopadhyay
8. E-Skin for Futuristic Nanosensor Technology for the 133

Healthcare System

Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, Gaurav Khandelwal,
Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri and Sang‑Jae Kim
viii Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems
9. Implantable and Non-Invasive Wearable and Dermal 158
Nanosensors for Healthcare Applications
Joseph Sonia, Kannan Sapna, Ashaiba Asiamma, Kodiadka Ayshathil Bushra,
Ananthapadmanabha Bhagwath Arun and Kariate Sudhakara Prasad
Section II: Multiplexed Sensing and Wireless Tools for
Monitoring Real-time Health Status
10. Monitoring Human Health in Real-Time using Nanogenerator-Based 181
Self-Powered Sensors
Ammu Anna Mathew, Charanya Sukumaran, S. Vivekanandan and
Arunkumar Chandrasekhar
11. Nanogenerator Based Self-Powered Sensors for Healthcare 197
Applications
Gaurav Khandelwal, Pandey Rajagopalan, Nirmal Prashanth Maria
Joseph Raj, Xiaozhi Wang and Sang‑Jae Kim
1 2. Minimally Invasive Microneedle Sensors: Developments in Wearable 216
Healthcare Devices
Akshay Krishnakumar, Ganesh Kumar Mani, Raghavv Raghavender Suresh,
Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy, Kazuyoshi Tsuchiya and
John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
1 3. Smart Wireless Nanosensor Systems for Human Healthcare 265
Rajesh Ahirwar and Nabab Khan
1 4. Nanosensors and their Potential Role in Internet of Medical Things 293
Priya Rani
1 5. Microfluidic-Chip Technology for Disease Diagnostic Applications via 318
Dielectrophoresis
Soumya K. Srivastava and Anthony T. Giduthuri
1 6. Nanosensor Arrays: Innovative Approaches for Medical Diagnosis 350
Naumih M. Noah and Peter M. Ndangili
1 7. Smart Nanosensors for Healthcare Monitoring and Disease Detection 387
using AIoT Framework
Kunwar Shahbaaz Singh Sahi and Suresh Kaushik
Index 401
List of Abbreviations

HRS : Hyper-Rayleigh scattering
QDNB : Quantum dot-nanobeads
HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus
BBB : blood-brain barrier
FRET : Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
CNT : Carbon nanotube
QD : Quantum dot
FITC : Fluorescein isothiocyanate
CNTs : Carbon nanotubes
SWCNTs : single-wall carbon nanotubes
MWCN : multi-wall carbon nanotubes
GO : graphene oxide
MNs : Magnetic nanoparticles
DMR : diagnostic magnetic resonance
CLIO : Cross-linked Iron Oxide Nanoparticles,
SQUID : Superconducting quantum interference devices
ELISA : Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EIA : enzyme immunoassay
MRI : Magnetic resonance imaging
PET : Positron emission tomography
CT : Computed tomography
AgNPs : Silver nanoparticles
AuNPs : Gold nanoparticles
SPR : surface plasmon resonance
POCT : Point-of-care technology
FDA : Food and Drug Administration
t-TENG : textile tri-boelectric nanogenerators
PPG : Photoplethysmogram
e-skin : electronic skin
R2R : roll-to-roll
NPs : nanoparticles
CNT : carbon nanotubes
NW : Nanowires
PEDOT : polyethylenedioxythiophene
PPy : polypyrrole
PDES : polymerizable deep eutectic solvent