Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Security and Protection against CBRN Threats

473 Pages·2020·17.538 MB·English

by  Plamen Petkov, Mohammed Essaid Achour, Cyril Popov

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - B:
Physics and Biophysics
Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology in
Security and Protection
against CBRN Threats
Edited by
Plamen Petkov
Mohammed Essaid Achour
Cyril Popov
AB 3
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Security
and Protection against CBRN Threats
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
ThisSeriespresentstheresultsofscientificactivitiessupportedthroughtheframeworkof
theNATOScienceforPeaceandSecurity(SPS)Programme.
The NATO SPS Programme enhances security-related civil science and technology to
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buildingprojectsthatresultinnewcivilscienceadvancementswithpracticalapplicationin
thesecurityanddefencefields.
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Sub-Series
A. ChemistryandBiology Springer
B. PhysicsandBiophysics Springer
C. EnvironmentalSecurity Springer
D. InformationandCommunicationSecurity IOSPress
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(cid:129) http://www.nato.int/science
(cid:129) http://www.springeronline.com
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SeriesB:PhysicsandBiophysics
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
in Security and Protection against
CBRN Threats
editedby
Plamen Petkov
Department of Physics
UniversityofChemicalTechnology&
Metallurgy
Sofia,Bulgaria
Mohammed Essaid Achour
UniversitéIbn-Tofail
Kénitra, Morocco
and
Cyril Popov
Institute ofNanostructure TechnologiesandAnalytics
UniversityofKassel
Kassel,Germany
Published inCooperation with NATOEmerging SecurityChallengesDivision
ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedResearchworkshoponFunctional
NanostructuresandSensorsforCBRNDefenceandEnvironmentalSafetyand
SecurityChisinau,Moldova
4–17May2018
ISBN978-94-024-2017-3 (PB)
ISBN978-94-024-2044-9 (HB)
ISBN978-94-024-2018-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2018-0
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Preface
Theever-increasingchallengesregardingthesecurityandprotectionofthemodern
society, for example, for early detection and defence against chemical, biological,
radiological and nuclear (CBRN) agents, in information technology and cyber
defence, in biotechnology, in energy storage and conversion,, need solutions
employing the up-to-date achievements of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
Novel functional materials, techniques, devices and systems allowing control of
the matter on atomic and molecular levels, i.e. at the level of the matter building
blocks, have to face the new security requirements. The nanostructured materials
possess unique mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic and biological properties,
whichareentirelydifferentfromthoseoftheconventionalmicro-ormillimetresized
materials, due to their distinctive sizes and shapes, and predominant surface and
quantumeffectsdeterminingtheirbehaviour.Insuchasense,theNanoscienceand
Nanotechnology have a strong potential to be the main driving forces in the
development of novel concepts for security and safety. It concerns not only the
preparationandinvestigationofsmartnanosizedmaterialsfordifferentapplications,
such as quantum dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanowires, nanoparticles and
nanocomposites, but also the combination of their performance with ICs, micro-
and nano-optics, MEMS and NEMS, leading to higher level of integration and
effective processing and transmission. Only the common efforts of scientists from
different fields of research – chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and
engineering – and from different countries can bring the complimentary expertise
in the development of reliable conceptions in the security and protection against
CBRNthreatstakingtheadvantagesoftheNanoscienceandNanotechnology.
The first objective of the NATO ASI on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in
SecurityandProtectionagainstCBRNThreatswastopresenttotheparticipantsthe
up-to-dateachievementsforapplicationsofnanomaterials andnanotechnologiesin
differentfieldsrelatedtosecurityandprotectionagainstCBRNagentsandthefuture
v
vi Preface
perspectives and trends. The second objective was the teaching and training of the
participants inthescientificandtechnological backgroundofnanostructuredmate-
rialsusedinfields,suchasnewgenerationofadvancedsensorsandsystemsforearly
detection of CBRN threats, efficient defence against these agents, etc. The third
objectiveaddressedtheinitiationoftrans-borderandinterdisciplinarycollaborations
between youngscientiststowards theimplementationoftherecentnanotechnolog-
icalachievementstomeettheemergingsecuritychallenges.Theoverallobjectiveof
theASIwasthetransferofcompetenceinthenanomaterialsandnanotechnological
advancesindifferentfieldsofsecurityandthenetworkingbetweenyoungscientists
from NATO and Partner countries in order to meet one of the key priorities of the
NATOScienceforPeaceandSecurityProgramme.
TheASIcoveredtopicsconnectedwiththerecentachievementsindifferentfields
of security taking the advantages of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology – from
synthesis and characterization of nanostructures from various material systems
(carbon-based, glasses, ceramics, polymers, etc.) via their application in sensors
withdifferentdetectionprinciplestoreal-timeCBRNmonitoringandanalysis.The
lectures were given by outstanding scientists from universities and research insti-
tutes who are experts in nanoscience-related security fields. Sixteen thematic sem-
inars on specific topics, not covered by the lectures, were also included in the
programme. Three poster sessions were held in the afternoons, during which the
participantspresentedtheirresults,establishedclosercontactsanddiscussedinless
formalatmosphere.
Seventy eight participants from 14 NATO Countries (Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic,
Spain, Turkey, UK, USA) and 6 Partner countries (Egypt, Jordan, Moldova,
Morocco, North Macedonia, Ukraine) insured that the overall objective of transfer
of competence and technology in the field of nanostructured materials and nano-
technologies was reached on a high level. Such events contribute to the scientific
collaborations in these advanced fields of research between NATO and Partner
countries as well as to the promotion of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in the
Partnercountries.Thelatterobjectivewassuccessfullyreachedbytheparticipation
of 26 scientists from Partner countries. More than half of the 78 attendees were
femalereflectingtheincreasedroleofthewomeninthesefieldsofresearch.
TheASIdemonstratedonceagainthecommitmentofNATOtothepeaceandthe
securitybyfacilitatingthescientificdialogueandcooperation,whichwasthemajor
outcome of the meeting. It revealed that the top-leading fields of civil science are
currently playing and will play also in the future a strategic role to address all
emerging security challenges. Furthermore, the ASI exhibited the strength and
effectiveness of modern science as a tool for international dialogue and supported
the exchange of information and ideas on the recent development of Nanoscience
andNanotechnologydirectedtodifferentsecuritychallenges.
Preface vii
We,themembers oftheOrganizingCommittee, wouldliketothank theNATO
Science Committee for the financial support for the organisation of the ASI. The
localorganisationoftheASIwasactivelysupportedbytheCityCouncilofSozopol,
whichwegratefullyacknowledge.Finally,wecordiallyacknowledgethetechnical
support of Dr. Blagovesta Popova, Universität Göttingen, Germany, for the prepa-
rationofthisbook.
In Memoriam Wilhelm Kulisch
During the preparation of this Advanced Study Institute, Dr. Wilhelm Kulisch
passed away in the age of 61. Wilhelm was a good friend, an excellent physicist
andabrillianteditorandwriter.Withhim,wecametotheideain2003toorganize
anAdvancedStudyInstitute.Sincethenhetookanactivepartinthepreparationand
organization of five ASIs. His experience and erudition were inestimable for the
composition of the programmes, for structuring the books of abstracts and, espe-
cially,fortheeditionoftheASIbooks.Toagreatextentweowehimthesuccessof
these books, being among the most downloaded in the ASI series. Therefore, we
wouldliketodevotethisvolumetoWilhelm.
Sofia,Bulgaria PlamenPetkov
Kenitra,Morocco MohammedEssaidAchour
Kassel,Germany CyrilPopov
February2020
viii Preface
GroupphotoofNATOAdvancedStudyInstituteonNanoscienceandNanotechnologyinSecurity
andProtectionagainstCBRNThreats
Contents
PartI GeneralTopics
1 Cyber-PhysicalSystemstoCounterCBRNThreats–Sensing
PayloadCapabilitiesinAerialPlatformsforReal-TimeMonitoring
andAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AshokVaseashta,SurikKudaverdyan,StepanTsaturyan,
andNimetBölgen
PartII MaterialPreparationandProcessing
2 ApplicationofIonizingIrradiationforStructureModification
ofNanomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
PericaPaunović,AnitaGrozdanov,PetreMakreski,GennaroGentile,
andAleksandarT.Dimitrov
3 TheCoronaTriodeCharging/PolarizationSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
PedroRafaeldosSantosPrezas,
ManuelJorgedeAraújoPereiraSoares,MauroMiguelCosta,
andManuelPedroFernandesGraça
4 TransparentOrganic-InorganicHybridsObtainedfrom
CovalentlyBondedUreasilicateMonomers:Opticaland
MechanicalProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
VaniaIlcheva,VictorBoev,GalinaZamfirova,ValentinGaydarov,
VanyaLilova,andTamaraPetkova
5 Sol-GelTechniquetoDesignHybridMaterialsandtheir
ApplicationinWaterPurification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
InnaV.Melnyk,VeronikaV.Tomina,NataliyaV.Stolyarchuk,
andMiroslavaVáclavíková
ix