Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration: From Fundamental Science to Field Scale Engineering Applications

611 Pages·2019·16.946 MB·English

by  Tanapon Phenrat, Gregory V. Lowry

Tanapon Phenrat
Gregory V. Lowry Editors
Nanoscale
Zerovalent Iron
Particles for
Environmental
Restoration
From Fundamental Science to Field
Scale Engineering Applications
Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles
for Environmental Restoration
(cid:129)
Tanapon Phenrat Gregory V. Lowry
Editors
Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron
Particles for Environmental
Restoration
From Fundamental Science to Field Scale
Engineering Applications
Editors
TanaponPhenrat GregoryV.Lowry
DepartmentofCivilEngineering DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmental
EnvironmentalEngineeringProgram Engineering
NaresuanUniversity CanrnegieMellonUniversity
Phitsanulok,Thailand Pittsburgh,PA,USA
CenterofExcellencefor
SustainabilityofHealth
EnvironmentandIndustry(SHEI)
FacultyofEngineering
NaresuanUniversity
Phitsanulok,Thailand
ISBN978-3-319-95338-0 ISBN978-3-319-95340-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95340-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018964898
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Preface
Soil and groundwater contamination remains a serious threat to humans and to the
ecosystem. Sources of contamination include accidental spills or routine improper
hazardouswastemanagementfromvariousindustrialactivities,forexample,mining,
petrochemical,refinery,electronic,petrolstation(undergroundstoragetanks),treat-
ment, storage, and disposal facility industries. Hundreds of thousands of contami-
nated sites have been identified in the USA. Similarly, in Europe, in 2011,
approximately1.2millionpotentiallycontaminatedsitesand130,000contaminated
sites have been identified. In 2014, the Chinese National Soil Survey found that
16.1% of all soil and 19.4% of cultivated land were contaminated by hazardous
organic and inorganic chemicals. This amounted to roughly 25 million ha. of con-
taminated soil and 3.5 million ha. of farmland that was too contaminated to safely
allow agriculture. Even a small country like Thailand has more than 12 identified
contaminatedsitesand40potentiallycontaminatedsitesthroughoutthecountry.
Tremendous advances have been made regarding regulations, tools for site
characterization, risk assessment, and remediation technology. However, the cost
of remediation remains high. The US EPA (2004) estimated that cleaning up
294,000 sites from 2004 to 2033 would cost about US$209 billion. Similarly, in
Europe, annual national expenditures for managing contaminated sites are, on
average,EUR10.7percapita(anaverageof0.041%ofthenationalgrossdomestic
product[GDP]).InChina,in2016,theStateCouncilofChinaissuedaSoilPollution
PreventionandControlActionPlantorestore90%ofcontaminatedfarmlandsoilto
besafeforhumanuseby2020and95%by2030.Thailand’sgovernmentisspending
US$14.44 million to clean up the lead-contaminated sediment at Klity Creek,
KanchanaburiProvince.Thisisthefirstcourt-orderedremedial actioninThailand.
Overthenextseveraldecades,remediationresearchandbusinesswillbeneededto
addresslegacyandemergingpollutants(e.g.,PFOS)incountriesacrossworldwide.
Nanoscalezerovalentiron(NZVI)hasproventobeversatileandhasthepotential
tocomplimentandovercomecriticallimitationsofmanyofthestandardremediation
technologies. The small size allows zerovalent iron (ZVI) typically used to build a
permeablereactivebarrier,apassivetechnique,tobecomeanactivetechnique that
v
vi Preface
canbedeliveredintodeepordifficulttoreachsourcezonestospeedupremediation.
OvertwodecadesofactiveNZVIresearchhaveprovidedalargebodyofknowledge
about the uses, benefits, and limitations of NZVI. The number of peer-reviewed
papersandcitationsrelatedtoNZVIhasincreasedquadraticallyeveryyear.In2017,
there were 262 peer-reviewed NZVI journal papers and 8094 citations. There are
77 documented pilot- and full-scale demonstration sites where NZVI was used as
part of the remediation technology, primarily for chlorinated solvents. Significant
progress has been made in understanding how environmental conditions affect
reactivity,howtoemplaceNZVIinsitu,andhowtoleveragethecomplex,coupled
interactionsbetweenNZVIandbioremediation.Remediationperformanceexpecta-
tions are slowly becoming clear, depending on the type of NZVI, the type of
contaminant, site conditions, and injection methods. Thus, it is the right time for a
bookthatissolelydevotedtoadvancingNZVIresearchanditsfieldapplication.
This book presents the past, the present, and the future of NZVI research from
fundamental science to field-scale engineering applications. The 16 chapters are
basedonmorethantwodecadesoflaboratoryresearchanddevelopmentandfield-
scaled demonstrations of NZVI implementation. The first chapter presents a brief
historyofNZVIresearchandapplicationsoverthelasttwodecades,whiletheother
15chaptersinthisbookprovidedetailedcontentsontheprogressofNZVI,whichis
essentialforresearchersandpractitioners aimingtostudyortodeploythetechnol-
ogy. The chapters review well-established aspects of NZVI, including NZVI syn-
thesis, characterization (Chap. 2), and reactivity toward organic contaminants
(Chap. 3), metals, and metalloids (Chap. 4), fundamental and modeling aspects of
NZVI modification for subsurface delivery including theoretical explanations of
rapidagglomerationandpoordispersionstabilityofNZVIandsurfaceengineering
approaches to overcome these limitations (Chap. 5), and modeling tools for field-
scaleapplications(Chap.6).Chapters7and8providedetailsofexperiencesandbest
practicesforfield-scaleapplicationsofNZVIfromrealpractitioners.Chapters9,10,
11, 12, 13, and 14 present recent advances and novel combined remedies using
NZVI, including sulfidation of NZVI (Chap. 9), NZVI and bioremediation
(Chap.10),thermallyenhancedNZVIremediationusingelectromagneticinduction
(Chap.11),pre-magnetizationandapplicationofaweakmagneticfield(Chap.12),
vadose-zone applications of NZVI with electromagnetic induction (Chap. 13), and
aerosol-basediron-carbonnanocompositesforsynergisticadsorptionandreduction
ofCr(VI)(Chap.14).RiskandenvironmentalimplicationofNZVIisalsodiscussed
in depth in Chap. 15. Finally, Chap. 16 concludes with the state of the knowledge
andfutureneedsforNZVIapplicationsinsubsurfaceremediation.
Theauthorsofeachchapterareleadingresearchersand/orpractitionersinNZVI
technology. The intended audience includes remediation professionals,
policymakers,practicingengineers,researchers,andstudentsseekingtounderstand
and to improve NZVI performance in remediation. This volume should serve as a
comprehensive technical resource for remediation professionals and researchers to
supporteffectiveapplicationanddevelopmentofNZVI-basedtechnologies.
Phitsanulok,Thailand TanaponPhenrat
Pittsburgh,PA,USA GregoryV.Lowry
Contents
1 NanoscaleZerovalentIron(NZVI)forEnvironmental
Decontamination:ABriefHistoryof20YearsofResearch
andField-ScaleApplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
TanaponPhenrat,GregoryV.Lowry,andPeymanBabakhani
2 NZVISynthesisandCharacterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
KatrinMackenzieandAnettGeorgi
3 ChemicalReductionandOxidationofOrganicContaminants
byNanoscaleZerovalentIron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
TanaponPhenrat,ThiSongThaoLe,BhanuphongNaknakorn,
andGregoryV.Lowry
4 NanoscaleZerovalentIronParticlesforTreatment
ofMetalloids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
JanFilip,JanKolařík,EleniPetala,MartinPetr,OndřejŠráček,
andRadekZbořil
5 ColloidalandSurfaceScienceandEngineeringforBareand
Polymer-ModifiedNZVIApplications:DispersionStability,
MobilityinPorousMedia,andContaminantSpecificity. . . . . . . . . 201
TanaponPhenrat,GregoryV.Lowry,andPeymanBabakhani
6 Mechanistic,Mechanistic-BasedEmpirical,andContinuum-Based
ConceptsandModelsfortheTransportofPolyelectrolyte-Modified
NanoscaleZerovalentIron(NZVI)inSaturatedPorousMedia. . . . 235
TanaponPhenrat,PeymanBabakhani,JonathanBridge,
Ruey-anDoong,andGregoryV.Lowry
7 MovingintotheThirdDecadeofNanoscaleZero-ValentIron(NZVI)
Development:BestPracticesforFieldImplementation. . . . . . . . . . 293
ChrisM.Kocur,BrentE.Sleep,andDenisM.O’Carroll
vii
viii Contents
8 ExperiencesfromPilot-andLarge-ScaleDemonstrationSites
fromAcrosstheGlobeIncludingCombinedRemedies
withNZVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
JohannesBruns,FlorinGheorghiu,MichaelBorda,andJulianBosch
9 Sulfide-ModifiedNZVI(S-NZVI):Synthesis,Characterization,
andReactivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
YimingSu,GregoryV.Lowry,DavidJassby,andYaleiZhang
10 MicrobialPerspectiveofNZVIApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
PanayaKotchaplai,EakalakKhan,andAlisaS.Vangnai
11 ElectromagneticInductionofNanoscaleZerovalentIronfor
EnhancedThermalDissolution/DesorptionandDechlorination
ofChlorinatedVolatileOrganicCompounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
TanaponPhenratandGregoryV.Lowry
12 ImprovingtheReactivityofZVIandNZVITowardVarious
MetalsandMetal(loid)swithWeakMagneticField. . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
JinxiangLi,YuankuiSun,LipingLiang,andXiaohongGuan
13 VadoseZoneRemediationofDenseNonaqueousPhaseLiquid
ResidualsUsingFoam-BasedNanoscaleZerovalentIron
ParticleswithLow-FrequencyElectromagneticField. . . . . . . . . . . 471
TanaponPhenratandGregoryV.Lowry
14 CarbothermalSynthesisofAerosol-BasedIron-Carbon
NanocompositesforAdsorptionandReductionofCr(VI). . . . . . . . 495
JiaweiHe,LingAi,YiyanWang,YuanLong,ChaoliangWei,
andJingjingZhan
15 SustainableEnvironmentalRemediationUsingNZVI
byManagingBenefit-RiskTrade-Offs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
KharaGrieger,RuneHjorth,AlexisWellsCarpenter,
FrederickKlaessig,EmilieLefevre,ClaudiaGunsch,
KullapaSoratana,AmyE.Landis,FernWickson,
DanailHristozov,andIgorLinkov
16 StateofKnowledgeandFutureNeedsforNZVIApplications
inSubsurfaceRemediation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
GregoryV.LowryandTanaponPhenrat
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
About the Editors
TanaponPhenrat isanassistantprofessorandaprincipalinvestigatorofResearch
Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R),
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University,
Phitsanulok. Also, he serves as the deputy director of Center of Excellence for
SustainabilityofHealth,Environment,andIndustry(SHEI),FacultyofEngineering,
Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand. He has 13-year experience in
conducting research and professional work in the field of remediation of contami-
nated sites. He has published 36 peer-reviewed research articles in international
journalsincludingseveralhighlycitedresearcharticlesinnanoscalezerovalentiron
applications. He is also a practitioner in remedial engineering in Thailand and has
workedcollaborativelyasaconsultantforaffectedcommunities,governmentagen-
cies, and potentially responsible contaminated site owners. He investigated more
than40contaminatedsitesandsuccessfullyremediated6majorcontaminatedsites
using soil vapor extraction, in situ chemical oxidation, colloidal carbon injection,
colloidal iron oxide injection, magnetic-assisted soil washing with zerovalent iron,
andphytoremediation.
Heisservingasanofficialtripartitememberofcommitteestoresolvetheconflict
betweengoldmininginPhichitProvinceandaffectedcommunitiesasappointedby
the Minister of Industry as well as an official tripartite member of Klity Creek
Restoration appointed by the Pollution Control Department. He also served as an
expertwitnessforthecaseofarseniccontaminatedsoilandsedimentatLoei’sgold
mining as requested by the National Human Rights Commission of Thailand.
Dr. Phenrat was awarded with 16 research awards (7 international awards) in the
fieldofenvironmentalremediation.Dr.PhenratearnedhisB.EnginCivilEngineer-
ing from Kasetsart University, M.S. in Hazardous Waste Management from
Chularlongkorn University, and Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering
fromCarnegieMellonUniversity.
Gregory V. Lowry is the Walter J. Blenko, Sr., professor of Civil and Environ-
mentalEngineeringatCarnegieMellonUniversity.Heisthedeputydirectorofthe
ix
x AbouttheEditors
NSF/EPACenterforEnvironmentalImplicationsofNanotechnology(CEINT).He
is on the editorial board for Environmental Science: Nano and Nature: Scientific
Data. He served as the founding associate editor of Environmental Science: Nano
for5years(2013–2018).Dr.LowryearnedhisB.S.inChemicalEngineeringfrom
the University of California in Davis, M.S. from the University of Wisconsin in
Madison,andPh.D.inCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringfromStanfordUniver-
sity. His current research and teaching focus on safely harnessing the unique
propertiesofengineerednanomaterialsfor applicationsinremediation, water treat-
ment, and food production. He has served on the National Academy of Science
Committeeon“ScienceBreakthroughs2030:AStrategyforFoodandAgricultural
Research,” and the National Research Council Committee to develop a research
strategy for environmental health and safety aspects of engineered nanomaterials.
Dr.LowryisaFellowoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience
(AAAS)andhasreceivedawardsfromtheASCE(WalterL.HuberCivilEngineer-
ingResearchPrize),AEESP(MalcolmPirnie/AEESPFrontiersinResearchAward),
and ACS (BestFeature Article in ES&Tfor 2012). He was recognized asa highly
cited researcher (top 1%) in the area of environment and ecology by Thomson
Reuters in2014and2015.Dr.Lowry hasserved asPIorco-PI ongrantsfromthe
National Science Foundation, US Department of Defense, US Department of
Energy,andUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,andindustry.