Table Of Content“This books offers a broad survey of single- and multiphase flows at the nanoscale.
“This books offers a broad survey of single- and multiphase flows at the nanoscale.
“Thi“MsT bahoniosy kb sot ooopfkfisec ross f faoe frb src aoua brdrre osnautdr v sienuytr eovrfee yssi ton fg asleirne- g alsneud-r amvneudyle tmdip,u hlitanispcelhu fadlosiewn fgsl oacwth stah areta ntchateenr onizsacanatoiloesc.n a loef.
Many topics of current interest are surveyed, including characterization of
ManMiyn atetnorypf aitccosep s oiacfss wcouefr llrc eaunsr tvr eainnritto eurines tswet reeatstrtien gas rpuehr vesenuyoremvde,ey neinadc., lAui nrdecinlaugdd eircn hgwa irlclah fcaitnredar cimztaeartniiozyan st uioobfnj e cotsf
interfaces as well as various wetting phenomena. A reader will find many subjects
interidnfiatseccreufssa sacesed sw waesel llw la, eswl vli aathrsi vaoa ugrsoi owoudes ti twninteegtrt ppinlhagey np oohfme enexonpmaer.e Ainm aree. nAatd rsee aran wddei lrml wfoinidldle f lmiinnagdn. ”my asunby jseucbtsje cts
discussed well, with a good interplay of experiments and modeling.”
discudisssceuds wseedl lw, welilt,h w ait gho ao dg oinotde rinptlearyp olaf ye xopf eerxipmeernimtse anntsd amnodd meloPindrogef.l”.i nHgo.”ward A. Stone
Prof. Howard A. Stone
Princeton University, USA
ProfP. rHPoorfi.wn Hcaeortodwn Aa Ur.dn Si vtAoe.rn sSiettyo, nUeSA
PrincPertionnce Utonniv eUrnsiivtye,r UsiStyA, USA
This book addresses the most recent developments in the investigation and
This book addresses the most recent developments in the investigation and
manipulation of liquids at the nanometer scale. This new field has shown important
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breakthroughs in the basic understanding of physical mechanisms involving liquid
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interfaces, which led to applications in nanopatterning. It also has consequences
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in force microscopy imaging in liquid environment. Co-authored by more than 20
interinfiatnec erfofsa,r ccweesh m,i cwihch rloiecsdhc otleopd ya tipmop alaigcpaipntlgiioc inants i loiinqn usn idain ne onnpavanirtootpenarmnttienenrgnt.. i InCtg oa.- lasItou a thhlsaoosr ehcdoa snb syce omqnusoeerneqc uteehsna cne 2s 0
of the most prominent scientists in the field, the book proposes a timely review of
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various aspects pertaining to nanoscale liquid interfaces.
of thoefv amthrioeos umt spo arsostp mpericnotems npitne serctniatei nnsctiniisegtn stt oiins nt stah inneo ftsihceeald lef,i etlihlqdeu, ibtdho eion kbte oprorfoakc ppeorsso.epso as etsim ae tliym reelvyi erewv ioefw of
variovuarsi oausps eacstpse pcetsrt paeinritnagin tion gn aton onsacnaolesc laiqleu ildiq iunitde rinfatecerfsa.ces.
Starting from a description of static and dynamic properties of liquids at
Starting from a description of static and dynamic properties of liquids at
interfaces, the recent works on nanowetting (droplets, menisci, and bubbles) are
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thoroughly described, followed by some applications that emerge in the field of
interinftathecoerfrsao, cutehgseh, ltryhe dceee rnsectc rweibnoetr dwk,s o foorknlls on owanne don wabneyot stwionemgt te(idn argpo (ppdllriecotapst,li eomtnses,n mtihsecaint, iaescnmid,e abrngudeb bbinlue btshb)e lae rfsei)e aldr eo f
nanopatterning due to the development of new tools to manipulate ultrasmall
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liquid quantities. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging in liquids raises new
nanonpalianqtoutpiedar ntqtiuenragnn ditniutgei e dstuo. e At thtooem tdhicee v feodlreocvpeem lmoepincmtr oeosnfc ton opefyw n (tAeowFoM ltso) toioml sma tgoai nnmgip auinnla ipltieuq luauitdletsr a ursalmtirsaaeslslm naellw
questions on hydrodynamic interaction in the confined space between an
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oscillating tip and a surface, especially for high-speed atomic force microscopes.
quesqtuoioesncsitsli loaontinsn goh tnyipd rhaoyndddyr noaad smyunircaf amciniect, e erinsaptceetircoainact lliyoin nf o trih nhe i gtchhoe-sn pfcieoneneddf i antseopdma csiecp afobcreect ewb meeetiwcnr eoaesnnco paens .
The understanding of these interactions is important for developing imaging
oscilolasTcthiinellga u ttinnipdg e atrnispdt a aann dsdui nargf as ucoerff, a techseep, seeecs ipainelltcyei afroallrcy t hfiooignrh sh- siigpsh ei-emsdpp eaoetrodt maantitco mffooirrcc efdo emrvcieecl romopsiiccnrogop seicmso.pa egisn. g
of biological samples, which is one of the open challenges of high-speed AFM
The Tuhonef d beuirnosdltoaegnrisdctaianln gsd aionmfg p tlohefes ,st ehw ehinsiecteh ri naistc etoiroanncets i ooifns stih miesp ooimprtepanon rtct hafaonltrl efdnoegrve edsl eoovpfe inhlogigp hiinm-sgap giemiendagg AinFgM
techniques.
of boioft elobcgihoincloaiqgl uisceaasml. spalemsp, lwesh,i cwhh iisc ho nise oonfe t hoef tohpee no pcehna lclehnaglleesn goef sh oigfh h-sigphe-esdp eAeFdM A FM
techtneicqhuneisq.ues.
Thierry Ondarçuhu is research director in the Nanosciences group of
Thierry Ondarçuhu is research director in the Nanosciences group of
CEMES (Toulouse, France). He graduated from the Ecole Supérieure
ThieTrhrCyiEe OMrrnEydS Oa (rnTçoduuahlrouçu uissh eru,e isFser raaenrsccehea )dr.c iHrhee cd tigorrerac ditnou trah tieend Nt hfaerno Nomsa cntiheoensc cEieecsno gclereo sSu guprp ooéufr pie oufr e
de Physique et Chimie Industrielle (ESPCI, Paris). After obtaining
CEMCEEdSMe ( TEPoShu y(lTosoiuqusuleoe,u Fsereta ,n CFchreai)mn. ciHeee ). I gnHrdaeud sgutrraaitdeeludlea tfer(oEdSm fPr CtohIm,e PtEahcreois lEe).c SoAulefpt eéSrru iepouébrrteiae iunrien g
a PhD, he joined the CNRS in 1993 in Professor de Gennes’ lab in
de Pdheay sPPihqhDuyse, i qheuete j Coeihnti emCdih eti mhIenie dC uINsntRdrSiue siltnler i 1e(l9Ele9S 3P( CEiInS, PPPCraIo,r fiseP)sa.s roiAsrf) t.d eAer ftGoebertn aoninbeitsna’ giln aibn gi n
Collège de France (Paris), where he studied wetting and adhesion.
a PhaD CP,o hhllDeè, g jeho eind eejod iF nrteahdne c tCeh Ne(PR CaSrN iisnR) S,1 wi9n9h 3e1 r9ien9 3 hP eirn os ftPeursdosiofeerds s dwoer e Gtdteeinn gGn eeasnn’n dle aasb’d hilnaeb s iionn .
In 1996, he moved to CEMES, where his activities focus on capillarity
CollèCgoInell è1dg9ee9 F6dr,e ahn eFc rema no(Pcveae rd(isP t)ao, r wiCsEh),Me wrEehS eh, rwee h shetuered s ihteuidsd awiecedtit vtwiinteiget tsai nfnogdc uaansd doh nea sdciahopenis.l iloarni.t y
and wetting processes at the nanometer scale, liquid nanodispensing,
In 19In9a 61n,9d h9 we6 e,m thtoeinv mge dpo rvtooec dCe tEsosMe CsEE SaM,t wtEhShe,e wnreah nheoirsem a hecittsei vari cstitceiavsli etfio,e lcisqu fuso iocdun ns ca oannpo idcllaiasprpiitellyan rsiitnyg ,
atomic force microscopy, and carbon nanotube devices.
atomic foarncde awmneidct trwionesgtc topinprogyc, p earsnosdcee scs aasrteb tsoh anet nnthaaenn oonmtauneboteem rde setcveaircl esec,s al.i lqeu, ildiq nuaidn ondainsopdeinsspienngs, ing,
atomatico mfoircc efo mrciec rmosiccroopsyc,o apnyd, acnadrb coanr bnoann ontaunboet udbeev idceesv.i ces.
Jean-Pierre Aimé is a research director in CBMN (Bordeaux, France).
Jean-Pierre Aimé is a research director in CBMN (Bordeaux, France).
He graduated from the University of Paris–Sud 11, Orsay. He obtained
JeanJ-ePHaieen r-grPreiae dAruriema tAée diims f érao irmse sate hraeer scUehna dirvcierher scdittioryer o citfno P rCa BirniMs –CNSB uM(dBN o1 r1(dB,e oOarrudsxea,ya F.u rHxa,en Fcoreba)nt.a cien)e. d
his first PhD in 1976 and his second in 1983. In 1989, he spent one year
He gHrahedi sgu rfaairtdseutd aP fthreDodm ifnr to1hm9e7 Ut6h naeinv Udenr hsiviitsey sr esoicft oyPn aodrfi siPn–a S1rui9sd8– 3S1u.1 Id,n O 111r9s,8a O9y.,r sHhaeey .so pHbeetna otin boetnadei n yeeda r
in Exxon Annandale working on polymer physics. Then, in 1992, he
his fhirisisnt fPiErhxsDtx oP innh D1A 9inn7n 61a 9an7nd6da laheni sdw s hoeircsko isnnedgc oionnn d1 9pin8o 31ly.9 mI8ne3 1r. 9 Ipn8h 91y,9 sh8iec9s ,s. p hTeehn setp noe,n nietn o y1ne9ae9r y 2e,a hr e
moved to Bordeaux to set up a team dedicated to the development of
in Exinxm oEnox vxAeondnn taAon nBdnoaarlnded ewaaluoexr k wtiono grsk eoitn nug p po oan lt yepmaoemlyr mdpeehdry iscpiachtsye.s diTc htsoe. ntTh,h eien nd ,e1 v9ine9 l2o1,9p h9m2ee , nhte o f
atomic force microscopy to study the properties of soft and biological
movmeadot vtooem dBi coto rfd oBerocareud xme atiocur xso etstoc o usppey ta ut tope asatm uted dayem tdh idceea ptdericodap tteoer dtth iteeos dtohefe vs eodlfeotvp aemnlodepn bmti ooelfno tg oicfa l
materials. He is chair of the interregional network CnanoGSO (http://
atomatimco mfaotierccr eifao mlrsc.ie cH rmoe siiccsro ocphsyca otirop oysf tt utohd seyt utinhdteye rptrhreoegp ipoernrotapiele snr teoitefw ss ooofrftk s aConnfdta anbnoiodGl obSgOioic l(aohlg titcpa:l/ /
www.cnanogso.org/) and the European network BioInspired Nanotechnologies
www.cnamnoagtemsroia.aotlesrrg. i/Ha)le s .a isHn dech iast hicre ho afEi rtu horeof pitnheteae nrinr etnegeriotrwengaoilor knn eaBtlw inooeInrtkws pCoinrreka dnC onNGaanSnOooG (tSheOtcth p(nh:/ot/tlpo:g/i/es
(http://www.bioinspired-nano.eu/en/).
wwww.(cwhntwatp.nc:on/g/awsnoow.ogwsrgo.b/.oi)o rigan/ns)pd i aretnhdde- n taEhnueor .oeEpuue/raeonnp /e)na. ent wnoertkw oBriko InBsiopIinresdp irNeda nNotaencohtneoclhongoielos gies
(http(h:/t/twp:w//ww.bwiwoi.nbsiopiinresdp-irneadn-on.aenuo/e.enu//)e. n/).
V251
ISBN 978-981-4316-4V52-351
ISBN 978-98V1-245311V62-4551-3
ISBNI S9B78N- 998718-4-938116--44351-63-45-3
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press
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No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130410
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-981-4364-48-5 (eBook - PDF)
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© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
February5,2013 11:9 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Jean-Pierre–prelims
Contents
Preface xix
1 LiquidStructureattheSolid–LiquidInterface 1
SuzanneP.Jarvis,GillianKaggwa,andKhizarSheikh
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Liquids 2
1.3 BasisofLiquidOrderingatInterfaces 3
1.3.1 Ion–DipoleInteractions 4
1.3.2 HydrogenBonding 4
1.3.3 SolvationForces 5
1.4 SurfaceStructure 8
1.4.1 SurfaceChemistry 8
1.4.2 SurfaceRoughness 9
1.4.3 DiffuseSurfaces 10
1.4.4 ConstrictedSurfaceGeometries 11
1.5 ExperimentalStudiesoftheLiquidStructureat
Solid–LiquidInterfaces 12
1.5.1 SurfaceForceApparatus 12
1.5.2 AtomicForceMicroscopeForceMeasurements 17
1.6 Conclusions 24
2 Wetting,Roughness,andHydrodynamicSlip 29
OlgaI.VinogradovaandAlekseyV.Belyaev
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 OriginsandHistory 32
2.3 TerminologyandModels 33
2.4 ExperimentalMethods 38
2.5 SmoothSurfaces:Slippagevs.Wetting 41
2.6 RoughSurfaces 43
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
February5,2013 11:9 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Jean-Pierre–prelims
vi Contents
2.7 SuperhydrophobicityandEffectiveHydrodynamic
Slippage 47
2.7.1 AnisotropicSurfaces 48
2.7.1.1 Thinchannel 51
2.7.1.2 Thickchannel 54
2.7.2 IsotropicSurfaces 56
2.7.2.1 Thinchannel 56
2.7.2.2 Thickchannel 58
2.8 OtherSpecialPropertiesofSuperhydrophobic
Surfaces 59
2.8.1 TransverseFlow 59
2.8.2 HydrodynamicInteractions 62
2.9 InterfacialTransportPhenomena 66
2.9.1 HydrophobicSurfaces 66
2.9.2 SuperhydrophobicSurfaces 68
2.10ConclusionandFutureDirections 71
3 WettingPhenomenaontheNanometerScale 83
S.Dietrich,M.Rauscher,andM.Napio´rkowski
3.1 Introduction 84
3.2 Equilibrium 87
3.2.1 WettingofHomogeneousSubstrates 87
3.2.1.1 Flatfilms 87
3.2.1.2 Droplets 98
3.2.2 StructuredSubstrates 102
3.2.2.1 Chemicallystructuredsubstrates 104
3.2.2.2 Topographicallystructuredsubstrates 110
3.3 Nonequilibrium 115
3.3.1 TheoreticalDescription 115
3.3.1.1 Mesoscopichydrodynamics 115
3.3.1.2 Moleculardynamics 119
3.3.2 HomogeneousSubstrates 121
3.3.2.1 Spreadingofdroplets 121
3.3.2.2 Dewettingofthinfilms 122
3.3.3 StructuredSubstrates 127
3.3.3.1 Topographicallystructuredsubstrates 128
3.3.3.2 Chemicallystructuredsubstrates 131
3.4 Outlook 133
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
February5,2013 11:9 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Jean-Pierre–prelims
Contents vii
4 StabilityofThinLiquidFilms 155
Gu¨nterReiter
4.1 Introduction 156
4.2 TheoreticalConsiderations 159
4.3 ExperimentalDetails 163
4.3.1 WhyPolymers? 163
4.3.2 SpecialFeaturesofthePolymer-Coated
Substrate 164
4.3.3 HamakerConstants 166
4.3.4 ExchangingtheBoundingFluidMedium 167
4.4 ExperimentalInvestigationsofSelf-Destructionof
ThinLiquidFilms 168
4.4.1 EvolutionofFilmMorphology 168
4.4.2 ThicknessDependence 173
4.4.3 TheInfluenceoftheInterfacebetweenFilm
andBoundingMedium 178
4.5 ConcludingRemarks 183
5 ThinFilmsinCompleteWettingandtheSpecificCaseof
NematicLiquidCrystals 193
A.M.Cazabat,U.Delabre,C.Richard,andY.YipCheungSang
5.1 Introduction 193
5.2 ThinFilmsinCompleteWetting:Generalities 194
5.2.1 Tanner’sLaw 194
5.2.2 ElementaryPictureofaNematicFilm 196
5.3 TechniquesandInvestigatedSystems 198
5.3.1 BriefOverviewofOurExperimental
Techniques 198
5.3.1.1 Microdroplets:spatiallyresolved
ellipsometry 198
5.3.1.2 Steppedellipsometricprofilesand
structuralinteraction 201
5.3.1.3 Pancakes 202
5.3.1.4 Ellipsometricprofilesofnematic
microdroplets 204
5.3.1.5 Extendednematicfilms 206
5.3.2 ThePhysicsofThinNematicFilms 209
5.3.2.1 Nematicorderatmesoscopicscale 209
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
February5,2013 11:9 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Jean-Pierre–prelims
viii Contents
5.3.2.2 Aboutvariationsofnematicorder 209
5.3.2.3 Elasticityandanchoring 210
5.4 ExperimentalStudiesofExtendedNematicFilms 213
5.4.1 InvestigatedLiquidCrystals:TheSeriesof
n-Cyanobiphenyls 213
5.4.1.1 Generalproperties 213
5.4.1.2 Observedbehavior:similaritiesand
differences 214
5.4.1.3 Elasticconstantsandanchoring
energies 216
5.4.2 “PhaseDiagrams”andCoexistingPhases 217
5.4.2.1 Phasediagrams 217
5.4.2.2 Coexistingphases 218
5.4.3 LineTensionof6CBFilmsonWater 220
5.4.3.1 LinetensionfarfromT 220
NI
5.4.3.2 LinetensionclosetoT 223
NI
5.5 SummaryandConclusion 224
6 DropletMorphologyatNanometerScale 235
AntonioChecco
6.1 Introduction 235
6.2 ImagingofNanoscaleDropsbyAFM:TimeLineof
Achievements 236
6.3 NanodropletMorphologyonHomogeneousand
InhomogeneousSubstrates 242
6.3.1 HomogeneousSubstrates 242
6.3.2 InhomogeneousSubstrates 247
6.4 SummaryandOutlook 253
7 SurfaceBubblesinMicro-andNanofluidics 259
BramBorkentandDetlefLohse
7.1 Introduction 260
7.2 ControlledSurfaceBubbleCavitation 260
7.2.1 ExperimentalSetup 261
7.2.2 SingleBubble 262
7.2.3 TwoBubbles 264
7.2.4 BubblesinaRowandaBubbleMatrix 266
7.2.5 CavitationfromNanosizedPits 268
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
February5,2013 11:9 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Jean-Pierre–prelims
Contents ix
7.3 SurfaceNanobubbles 269
7.3.1 WhatAreSurfaceNanobubbles? 270
7.3.2 SurfaceNanobubblesSubjectedtoExtreme
Stresses 271
7.3.3 PreferenceinSize 274
7.3.4 Electrolysis:AControlledandReproducible
WaytoCreateSurfaceNanobubbles 275
7.3.5 AnotherConjectureWhySurfaceNanobubbles
DoNotDissolve? 276
7.4 Conclusions 277
8 UseofUltrasonicShearWavesfortheStudyofLiquid
Interfaces 281
DiethelmJohannsmannandAnneFinger
8.1 Introduction 282
8.2 PeculiaritiesofAcousticShearWaves 285
8.2.1 ShearWavesDoNotPropagateinLiquids 285
8.2.2 TheAmplitudeofOscillationIsSmall 286
8.2.3 QCMAveragesovertheActiveArea 286
8.2.4 EvenDiluteSoftSamplesAreEasilyDetected 286
8.2.5 QCMOperatesatMHzFrequencies 287
8.2.6 ThereAreElectricandDielectricArtifacts 288
8.2.7 TheVibrationMayInduceStationaryFlow 288
8.3 SimplePlanarModelsofSlip 288
8.4 ElectrochemicallyProducedBubblesMayInduce
NegativeFrequencyShift 292
8.5 NumericalCalculations 295
8.6 Bubble-InducedAcousticStreaming 298
8.7 Conclusions 301
9 NanomeniscusMechanicalProperties 307
Jean-PierreAime´,ThierryOndarc¸uhu,RodolpheBoisgard,
LaureFabie´,MathieuDelmas,andCharlotteFouche´
9.1 OverviewandMotivations 307
9.2 TheoreticalBackground 308
9.2.1 StaticCapillaryForce 309
9.2.1.1 Boundaryconditionsandconstraints 309
9.2.1.2 Generalapproaches 310
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
