Table Of ContentPreface
The second volume of the Handai Nanophotonics Book Series features
"Nanoplasmonics," a recent hot topic in nanophotonics, impacting a diverse range
of research disciplines from information technology and nanotechnology to bio-
and medical sciences. The interaction between photons and metal nanostructures
leads to interesting and extraordinary scientific phenomena and produces new
functions for nano materials and devices. Newly discovered physical phenomena
include local mode of surface plasmon polariton excited in nanoparticles, hot
spots on nano-rods and nano-cones, long range mode of surface plasmons excited
on thin metal films, and dispersion relationship bandgaps of surface plasmons in
periodic metal structures. These have been applied to, for example, single
molecule detection and nano-imaging/spectroscopy, photon accumulation for
lasing applications, optical nano-waveguides and nano-circuits.
In July 2004, we had a two-day symposium with distinct scientists to discuss the
latest progress in this exciting field. The second volume was co-authored by those
participants. The book starts with a statement by John Pendry, the pioneer of
nanoplasmonics. The first part, the theory of nanoplasmonics, includes four
chapters written by Shalaev, Martin-Morenoa, Fukui, and Takahara. The second
part, plasmonic enhanced spectroscopy and molecular dynamics, is written by
Watanabe, Futamata, Hayashi, Ishida, Kajikawa, Ozaki, and Asahi. In part 3,
recent progress of plasmonic materials and devices are reviewed by Okamoto,
Pileni, Yamada, Yoshikawa, Sun, and Ishihara. In addition, we had quite a few
participants sharing the common interest in exciting nanophotonics science,
although they were not able to contribute to this book.
We would like to thank all the contributors and participants to the Handai
Nanophotonics Book Series and Handai Nanophotonics Symposium 2.
Satoshi Kawata and Hiroshi Masuhara
at Handai, Suita, Japan
iiv
Dedicated to the late professor Osamu Nakamura
Osamu Nakamura
Professor of Applied Physics and Frontier Biosciences, March 23, 1962 to
January 23, 2004, who has ever loved the optical science and microscopy. Osamu
Nakamura made a great contribution to computed-tomography microscopy,
confocal laser microscopy, super-resolved nano-imaging theory, near-infrared
bio-medical spectroscopy, and many other related nano-scale photon science and
technologies. He has served the international community by organizing
international conferences, inviting international scientists and students to Osaka,
and fostering international research collaborations. He published a number of
papers in nanophotonics and biophotonics, for imaging analysis, diagnosis, and
fabrication. Professor Nakamura visited the conference site of the Handai
Nanophotonics Symposium II in July 2004 in his wheel chair and exchanged
friendship with his old friends. In his funeral, hundreds of his friends and students
came to farewell him. eW all miss him, and wish he will guide us.
iiiv
Organization of
The International Nanophotonics Symposium Handai on
Plasmonics: from fundamentals ot applications
Sponsored by
Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan
The Murata Science Foundation
Handai Frontier Research Center, Osaka University
Nanonet
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has started
Nanotechnology Support Project, the five year project, ot strategically promote
Japanese nanotechnology research collaborations among industry, academia, and
government.
The major roles of Nanotechnology Support Project era )i( providing
opportunities to use Ultra-HV TEM, Nano Foundries, Synchrotron Radiation, and
Molecular Synthesis and Analysis through Japanese top institutions attending the
project, and (ii) providing information on both Japanese and International
nanotechnology research activities. oT perform these activities smoothly,
"Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan )tenonaN( was launched
in 2002.
Chairpersons
Satoshi Kawata (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University;
Nanophotonics Lab, RIKEN)
Hiroshi Masuhara (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)
Local Organizing Committee
Osamu Nakamura (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University)
Takayuki Okamoto (Nanophotonics Lab, RIKEN)
Yasushi Inouye (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University)
Tsuyoshi Asahi (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)
Hong-Bo Sun (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)
Katsumasa Fujita (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University)
Satoru Shoji (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)
Taro Ichimura (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)
ix
Introductory Remarks to the Handai Proceedings
Since the beginning of recorded history light has been both a subject of natural
curiosity and a tool for investigation of other phenomena. So closely is light
linked to our understanding of the world that "I see" can mean the same as "I
understand". Light brought the first information about the distant objects of our
universe, and light revealed the first secrets of the microscopic world.
Yet in recent times, despite its continuing importance in our lives, there are signs
that light is losing its grip on the frontiers of technology. To 'see' the very small we
turn to the electron microscope, or the scanning tunneling microscope. These
tools are commonly deployed in the world of nanotechnology which is the focus
of huge research investment and, through the semiconductor chip, has already
revolutionised our lives. The photon with its scarcely sub-micron wavelength is a
clumsy and myopic beast in this new world where the electron easily outclasses it
in compactness. Electronics has very much led the field in the world of
nanotechnology all the way from integrated circuits to quantum dots. Yet the
photon's ability to move around so rapidly with minimal disruption of the medium
is still prized: there is still work to be done by this ancient tool.
Here plasmonics steps into the limelight. A synthesis between light and the
collective motion of electrons, the plasmon can move almost as quickly as light,
but can also be gathered into incredibly small dimensions to challenge the
electron itself in compactness. It naturally inhabits the world of nanotechnology.
In this book we have articles by the leaders in this new field. As yet the
commercial applications are relatively modest, but the promise is huge and the
rich variety of topics represented shows just how much potential is waiting to be
unlocked by our researchers.
J. B. Pendry
Imperial College London
July 2005
ix
Participants List
Susumu Aruga SEIKO EPSON Corporation
Takahiro Asada Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering,
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
Tsuyoshi Asahi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Harry Atwater Thomas .J Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics,
California Institute of Technology
Kuo Pin Chiu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University
iaT Chi Chu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University
Xuan-Ming Duan Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC),
Chinese Academy of Science (CAS)
Jing Feng Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN
Ulrich Fischer U.C. Fischer Physics Institute, University of Miienster
Yuan Hsing Fu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University
Ayako Fujii Department of Human and Environmental Science,
Kyoto Prefecture University
Akiko Fujita Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
Katsumasa Fujita Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Masuo Fukui Department of Optical Science and Technology, Faculty
of Engineering, The University of Tokushima
Masayuki Futamata Nanoarchitectonics Research Center (NARC), National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST)
Kazuyoshi Hakamata FDK Corporation
Keisaku Hamada Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
Tomoya Harada FDK Corporation
Kazuhiro Hashimoto Department of Chemistry, School of Science and
Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University
Mamoru Hashimoto Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering,
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
Shinji Hayashi Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe
University
Norihiko Hayazawa Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN
Taro Ichimura Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
Takashi Ihama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Ryoichi Imanaka Handai FRC, Osaka University
Akio Inoshita Techno Search
Yasushi Inouye Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
Akito Ishida Department of Human and Environmental Science,
Kyoto Prefecture University
xii Participants List
Teruya Ishihara Exciton Engineering Laboratory, Frontier Research
System, RIKEN
Hidekazu Ishitobi Handai FRC, Osaka University
Syoji Ito Division of Frontier Materials Science, Osaka
University
Masayuki Ito AISIN COSMOS R&D Corporation
Tamitake Itoh Department of Chemistry, School of Science and
Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University
Takashi Iwamoto Shimadzu Corporation
Shigeki Iwanaga Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Yuqiang Jiang State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum
Optics Devices, College of Physics and Electronic
Engineering, Shanxi University
Takamasa Kai Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Kotaro Kajikawa Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Koshiro Kaneko Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Yosuke Kanki Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe
University
Jun-ichi Kato Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN
Kazuya Kawahara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Kosuke Kawahara NEC Machinery Corporation
Satoshi Kawata Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Ryoichi Kitahara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Minoru Kobayashi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Maximilian Kreiter Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung
Aaron Lewis Department of Applied Physics and The Center for
Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem
Xiangang Luo Exciton Engineering Laboratory, Frontier Research
System, RIKEN
Hiroshi Masuhara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Ryota Matsui Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Luis Martin Moreno Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada,
ICMA-CSIC, University of Zaragoza
Yuji Morimoto Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense
Medical College
uY Nabetani Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Osamu Nakamura Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
Toshihiro Nakamura Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe
University
Sana Nakanishi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Participants List xiii
Takashi Nakano National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST)
Yasuro Niidome Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
Kimihiko Nishioka Olympus Corporation
Hiroshi Noge Matsushita Electric Works, Limited
Wataru Nomura Department of Electronics Engineering, The University
of Tokyo
Toshihiko Ochi Enplas Laboratories, Inc.
Isamu Oh Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Keishi Ohashi NEC Corporation
Takayuki Okamoto Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN
Kaoru Okamoto Canon Inc.
Kazunori Okihira Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe
University
Masatoshi Osawa Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University
Taisuke Ota Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
Oskar Painter Thomas .J Watson, .rS Laboratory of Applied Physics,
California Institute of Technology
John Pendry The Blackett Lab., Imperial College London
Marie-Paule Pileni Faculty of Science, University P & M Curie
Yuika Saito Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN
Suguru Sangu Ricoh Company, Limited
Akihiro Sato Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Vladimir .M Shalaev School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue
University
Akiyoshi Shibuya Zeon Corporation
Ayako Shinjo Department of Human and Environmental Science,
Kyoto Prefecture University
Koichiro Shirota Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN
Satoru Shoji Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Michel Sliwa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Nicholas Smith Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
Takayoshi Suganuma Enplas Laboratories Inc.
Teruki Sugiyama Department of Applied Physics & Handai FRC, Osaka
University
Yung Doug Suh Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
Fumika Sumiyama Department of Information and Physical Sciences,
Osaka University
Hong-Bo Sun Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Qian Sun College of Physics, Nankai University
Tom Suwa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
xiv Participants List
Takuji Tada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Atsushi Taguchi Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
Kenji Takada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Junichi Takahara Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka
University
Kenji Takubo Shimadzu Corporation
Mamoru Tanabe Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Kazuo Tanaka Department of Electronics dna Computer Engineering,
Gifu University
Hiroaki Tanaka Murata Mfg Company Limited.
Yoshito Tanaka Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Nao Terasaki Photonics Research Institute, AIST
oyR Toyota Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Din Ping iasT Department of Physics, National Taiwan University
Tomoya Uchiyama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Yasuo Ueda Sumitomo Titanium Corporation
Arvind Vengurlekar Frontier Research System, RIKEN
Prabhat Verma Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Hiroyuki Watanabe Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Tadaaki Yabubayashi Sumitomo Precision Products Company Limited
Sunao Yamada Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
Yoshimichi Yamada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Kazuo Yamamoto Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Peilin Perry Yang Department of Physics, National Taiwan University
Takaaki onaY Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Ryohei Yasukuni Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Yasuo Yoshikawa Department of Chemistry, School of Science and
Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University
Masayuki ikuY International Reagents Corporation
Kenichi Yuyama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
Remo E Zaccaria Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University
xv
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Handai Nanophotonics, Volume 2
S. Kawata and H. Masuhara (Editors)
(cid:14)9 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
Magnetic plasmon resonance
A. K. Sarychev ,a G. Shvets ,b and V. M. Shalaev ~
aEthertronics Inc., San Diego, CA 92121,
bDepartment of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
~School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907
The optical properties of nanostructured metamaterials have been intensively
studied during the last decade. It has been proposed by Pendry, who further
developed earlier studies on negative refraction 1,2 that a metamaterial with
negative dielectric permittivity c and negative magnetic permeability g could be
used for developing a super-lens providing a sub-wavelength resolution.
According to Pendry, when the scattered light passes through a material with a
negative refractive index (specifically, when n=~fe-~=-I and the two
impedances are matched), the evanescent components of the scattered field grow
exponentially, allowing the restoration of the scattered image with
subwavelength resolution. Smith, Padilla, Vier, and Shultz 3 have
demonstrated negative-refraction materials in the microwave range. These
materials are also referred to as double-negative or left-handed materials
(LHMs), because the electric field and magnetic field along with the wavevector
form a left-handed system in this case. In addition to super resolution, the
unusual and sometimes counter-intuitive properties of LHMs make them very
promising for applications in resonators, waveguides and other microwave and
optical elements (see 4 and 5-7). Huge enhancement of the local em field,
accompanying the subwavelength resolution, can be used to enhanced Raman
and nonlinear spectroscopy of atoms and molecules distributed over the surface
of a LHM.
In spite of large efforts LHMs have not been demonstrated yet in the
optical range. To obtain a negative refraction in the optical range, one needs to
have a metamaterial with optical magnetism, which is a challenging problem
because magnetism is typically weak in the hi~h-freauencv range. Relaxation
