Nanophotonics with surface plasmons

341 Pages·2007·7.052 MB·English

by  Satoshi Kawata, Vladimir M SМЊalaev

NANOPHOTONICS WITH
SURFACE PLASMONS
Advances in
NANO-OPTICS AND NANO-PHOTONICS
Series Editors
Satoshi Kawata
Department of Applied Physics
Osaka University, Japan
Vladimir M. Shalaev
Purdue University
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
West Lafayette, IN, USA
NANOPHOTONICS
WITH SURFACE
PLASMONS
Edited by
V.M. SHALAEV
Purdue University
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Indiana, USA
S. KAWATA
Department of Applied Physics
Osaka University, Japan
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Preface
Thereisanundeniableandever-increasing needforfasterinformation
processing and transport. Many believe that the current electronic tech-
niques are running out of steam due to issues with RC-delay times,
meaningthat fundamentallynewapproaches are needed toincreasedata
processingoperatingspeedstoTHzandhigherfrequencies.Thephotonis
the ultimate unit of information because it packages data in a signal of
zero mass and has unmatched speed. The power of light is driving the
photonic revolution, and information technologies, which were formerly
entirely electronic, are increasingly enlisting light to communicate and
provide intelligent control. Today we are at a crossroads in this technol-
ogy. Recent advances in this emerging area now enable us to mount a
systematic approach toward the goal of full system-level integration.
The mission that researchers are currently trying to accomplish is to
fully integrate photonics with nanotechnology and to develop novel
photonic devices for manipulating light on the nanoscale,including mol-
ecule sensing, biomedical imaging, and processing information with
unparalleled operating speeds. To enable the mission one can use the
unique property of metal nanostructures to ‘‘focus’’ light on the nano-
scale. Metal nanostructures supporting collective electron oscillations –
plasmons – are referred to as plasmonic nanostructures, which act as
optical nanoantennae by concentrating large electromagnetic energy on
the nanoscale.
There is ample evidence that photonic devices can be reduced to the
nanoscale using optical phenomena in the near field, but there is also a
scalemismatchbetweenlightatthemicroscaleanddevicesandprocessesat
the nanoscale that must first be addressed. Plasmonic nanostructures can
serveasopticalcouplersacrossthenano–microinterface.Theyalsohave
theuniqueabilitytoenhancelocalelectromagneticfieldsforanumberof
ultra-compact, subwavelength photonic devices. Nanophotonics is not
only about very small photonic circuits and chips, but also about new
waysofsculptingtheflowoflightwithnanostructuresandnanoparticles
exhibiting fascinating optical properties never seen in macro-world.
v
vi Preface
Plasmonic nanostructures utilizing surface plasmons (SPs) have been
extensively investigated during the last decade and show a plethora of
amazing effects and fascinating phenomena, such as extraordinary light
transmission, giant field enhancement, SP nano-guides, and recently
emergedmetamaterialsthatareoftenbasedonplamonicnanostructures.
Nanoplasmonics-based metamaterials are expected to open a new gate-
way to unprecedented electromagnetic properties and functionality un-
attainable from naturally occurring materials. The structural units of
metamaterials can be tailored in shape and size, their composition and
morphologycanbeartificially tuned,andinclusionscanbedesignedand
placed at desired locations to achieve new functionality.
AstheEditorsofthisvolumewearedeeplygratefultoallcontributing
authors, leading experts in various areas of nanoplasmoincs, for their
effortandtheirwillingnesstosharerecentresultswithintheframeworkof
this volume.
Vladimir M. Shalaev and Satoshi Kawata
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Chapter 1. Dynamic components utilizing long-range surface plasmon
polaritons, Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi (Aalborg Øst, Denmark) . . . . . . . 1
y 1. Introduction .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 3
y 2. Fundamentalsof long-rangesurface plasmon polaritons.. .. .. .. .. 5
2.1. Long-rangesurfaceplasmonpolaritons......................... 6
2.2. LRSPPstripemodes ...................................... 10
y 3. Basicwaveguidefabrication andcharacterization .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 12
y 4. Interferometric modulatorsanddirectional-coupler switches . .. .. .. 16
4.1. Mach-Zehnderinterferometricmodulators....................... 18
4.2. Directionalcouplerswitches................................. 20
y 5. In-lineextinction modulators . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 21
y 6. Integratedpowermonitors. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 26
6.1. Designconsiderations ..................................... 26
6.2. Fabricationandcharacterization.............................. 28
6.3. Sensitivity.............................................. 30
y 7. Outlook . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 32
Acknowledgments . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 33
References. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 33
Chapter 2. Metal strip and wire waveguides for surface plasmon
polaritons, J.R. Krenn (Graz, Austria) and J.-C. Weeber,
A. Dereux (Dijon, France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
y 1. Introduction .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 37
y 2. Experimentalaspects . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 38
2.1. Lithographicsamplefabrication.............................. 38
2.2. Light/SPPcoupling....................................... 39
2.3. SPPimaging............................................ 40
2.3.1. Far-fieldmicroscopy................................. 40
2.3.2. Near-fieldmicroscopy................................ 41
y 3. Metal strips. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 42
3.1. Fielddistributionofmetalstripmodes ......................... 42
3.2. Microstructuredmetalstrips................................. 45
3.3. RoutingSPPswithintegratedBraggmirrors ..................... 49
y 4. Metal nanowires .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 51
4.1. Lithographicallyfabricatednanowires.......................... 52
vii
viii Contents
4.2. Chemicallyfabricatednanowires.............................. 55
y 5. Summaryand futuredirections.. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 58
Acknowledgments . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 59
References. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 60
Chapter 3. Super-resolution microscopy using surface plasmon
polaritons, Igor I. Smolyaninov (College Park, MD) and
Anatoly V. Zayats (Belfast, UK). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
y 1. Introduction .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 65
y 2. Principlesof SPP-assisted microscopy .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 70
2.1. ExperimentalrealizationofdielectricSPPmirrors ................. 70
2.2. Propertiesofshort-wavelengthSPPs........................... 72
2.3. ImageformationinfocusingSPPmirrors ....................... 77
y 3. Imagingthroughphotonic crystal space. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 81
y 4. Imagingandresolutiontests.. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 86
y 5. Therole of effectiverefractive indexof the SPPcrystalmirror
inimage magnification.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 92
y 6. Experimentalobservation of negativerefraction. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 97
y 7. SPPmicroscopy applicationin biological imaging.. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 100
y 8. Digital resolutionenhancement.. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 103
y 9. Conclusion . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 106
Acknowledgements. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 106
References. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 106
Chapter 4. Active plasmonics, Alexey V. Krasavin,
Kevin F. MacDonald, Nikolay I. Zheludev
(Southampton, UK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
y 1. Introduction .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 111
y 2. Theconcept of active plasmonics . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 112
y 3. Couplinglightto andfrom SPPwaves withgratings.. . .. .. .. .. .. 114
y 4. ModellingSPP propagationin anactive plasmonic device. .. .. .. .. 123
y 5. Activeplasmonics: experimentaltests. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 131
y 6. Summaryand conclusions . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 135
Acknowledgements. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 137
References. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 137
Chapter 5. Surface plasmons and gain media, M.A. Noginov, G. Zhu
(Norfolk, VA) and V.P. Drachev, V.M. Shalaev
(West Lafayette, IN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
y 1. Introduction .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 143
y 2. Estimation ofthe critical gain. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 148
y 3. Experimentalsamples and setups . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 149
y 4. Experimentalresults anddiscussion.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 149
4.1. Absorptionspectra ....................................... 149
4.2. Spontaneousemission ..................................... 151
4.3. EnhancedRayleighscatteringduetocompensationoflossin
metalbygainindielectric .................................. 154
Contents ix
4.4. Discussionoftheresultsoftheabsorptionandemission
measurements........................................... 156
4.4.1. SuppressionoftheSPresonancebyabsorptionin
surroundingdielectricmedia ........................... 156
4.4.2. Emissionintensityandabsorption ....................... 157
4.5. Stimulatedemissionstudiedinapump-probeexperiment ............ 158
4.6. EffectofAgaggregateontheoperationofR6G
dyelaser............................................... 161
y 5. Summary .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 164
Acknowledgments . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 165
References. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 165
Chapter 6. Optical super-resolution for ultra-high density optical
data storage, Junji Tominaga (Tsukuba, Japan). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
y 1. Introduction .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 173
y 2. Featuresandmechanisms of super-RENS disk– typesA andB .. .. 174
y 3. Featuresof super-RENS disk–typeC . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 177
y 4. Understanding the super-resolutionmechanism of typeCdisk.. .. .. 179
y 5. Combinationof plasmonicenhancement andtypeC super-RENSdisk 183
y 6. Summary .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 187
Acknowledgement . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 188
References. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 188
Chapter 7. Metal stripe surface plasmon waveguides,
Rashid Zia, Mark Brongersma (Stanford, CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
y 1. Introduction .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 193
y 2. Experimentaltechniques. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 194
y 3. Numerical methods .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 197
y 4. Leakymodes supportedbymetal stripewaveguides .. . .. .. .. .. .. 199
y 5. Analyticalmodelsfor stripe modes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 204
y 6. Propagationalongmetal stripewaveguides .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 209
y 7. Summary .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 214
References. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 216
Chapter 8. Biosensing with plasmonic nanoparticles,
Thomas Arno Klar (West Lafayette, IN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
y 1. Thecurrentneed for new types ofbiosensors. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 221
y 2. Nanoparticleplasmons.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 222
2.1. Volumeplasmons ........................................ 223
2.2. Surfaceplasmons......................................... 224
2.3. Nanoparticleplasmons..................................... 228
y 3. Metal nanoparticlesreplacing fluorophoresin assays.. . .. .. .. .. .. 231
3.1. Greyscale-assays ......................................... 233
3.2. Singlemetalnanoparticlesaslabels............................ 234
y 4. CoupledNPP resonances as sensorsignal . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 238
4.1. Thebasicidea........................................... 238
4.2. Usingtheextinctionspectrum................................ 239