Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications: Energy Conversion and Chemical Transformations

282 Pages·2019·8.933 MB·English

by  Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Abdullah M. Asiri, Eric Lichtfouse

Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World
Inamuddin
Mohd Imran Ahamed
Abdullah M. Asiri
Eric Lichtfouse Editors
Nanophotocatalysis
and Environmental
Applications
Energy Conversion and Chemical
Transformations
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable
World
Volume 31
Serieseditors
Eric Lichtfouse, Aix-Marseille University, CEREGE, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll
France,Aix-en-Provence,France
JanSchwarzbauer,RWTHAachenUniversity,Aachen,Germany
Didier Robert, CNRS, European Laboratory for Catalysis and Surface Sciences,
Saint-Avold,France
OtherPublicationsbytheEditors
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EnvironmentalChemistry
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OrganicContaminantsinRiverineandGroundwaterSystems
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SustainableAgriculture
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11480
(cid:129)
Inamuddin Mohd Imran Ahamed
(cid:129)
Abdullah M. Asiri Eric Lichtfouse
Editors
Nanophotocatalysis and
Environmental Applications
Energy Conversion and Chemical
Transformations
Editors
Inamuddin MohdImranAhamed
ChemistryDepartment,Faculty DepartmentofChemistry
ofScience AligarhMuslimUniversity
KingAbdulazizUniversity Aligarh,India
Jeddah,SaudiArabia
AbdullahM.Asiri EricLichtfouse
ChemistryDepartment,Faculty CEREGE,CNRS,IRD,INRA,CollFrance
ofScience Aix-MarseilleUniversity
KingAbdulazizUniversity Aix-en-Provence,France
Jeddah,SaudiArabia
ISSN2213-7114 ISSN2213-7122 (electronic)
EnvironmentalChemistryforaSustainableWorld
ISBN978-3-030-04948-5 ISBN978-3-030-04949-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04949-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019932801
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Preface
v
vi Preface
Theglobalenergycrisisandclimate changehavebeenlabelledasthemostcritical
environmentalchallengesintermsofbothresearchandremediation.Non-renewable
energy resources fulfil nearly 85% of world energy demands leading to global
warming and depletion of resources. The exhaustion of finite fuels should be
addressedforasustainableenergyfuture.Therefore,researchisongoingtoharness
therenewableenergyduringtheprocessessuchasphotocatalyticandbioproduction
of hydrogen and other fuels. The use of renewable sources of energy and the
mitigation of climate change or global warming are interrelated, and, if both are
workeduponsimultaneously,itcertainlywillmakeadifference.
The increasing global demand for energy is a result of a population explosion,
whichisdemandingtheintentiontowardsthedevelopmentofeffectivestrategiesfor
energy conversion and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This can obvi-
ously be achieved by focussing on non-fossil sources of energy such as solar,
thermal,hydrogenandnuclearenergyaswellasCO captureandphotoconversion
2
ofCO intofuels.Advancedoxidationprocesseshaveevolvedduringtheyears,and
2
scientists are using photocatalysis for energy conversion especially harnessing of
solarenergy.
PhotocatalyticwatersplittingforH andO productionusingsemiconductorsis
2 2
the most promising fields as a green technology that is accounted for economic
importance. The direct semiconductors mediated water splitting for hydrogen gen-
erationascleanfuelcanbeperformedonalargescaleforpracticalapplications.In
general,therearemanyefficientcatalystsreportedforthesame,buttheseareactive
inultravioletlightonly.Thechallengestillliesindesigninglow-costcatalyststhat
showhighquantumefficiency,abilitytoworkundervisibleandsunlightaswellas
the ability to work without noble metals as co-catalysts. Many works with high
quantum efficiencies have reported on solar- and visible-powered hydrogen emis-
sionbydesigning novelcatalysts bysurface modifications, sensitizations,immobi-
lization, formation of Z-scheme junctions, dye-sensitized solar cells, etc. Recently,
significantprogressismadetodevelopandengineervariousphotocatalystsforthis
purpose. The prime solution is bandgap engineering that involves bandgap broad-
ening or narrowing, interparticle electron coupling, reducing recombination of
chargecarriers,plasmon-excitoncouplingandhighsurfaceenergyofthecatalysts.
Additionally,combustionoffuelsandindustrialeffluentshasbeenthreateningas
theyreleasealarmingamountsofgreenhousegasasCO .Accordingtothevarious
2
studies,theCO levelmayreach750ppmandraisetheglobaltemperaturefurther.
2
PhotocatalyticreductionofCO intosyngas,methane,carbonmonoxide,methanol,
2
formicacidandformaldehydehasitsownadvantagesasloweringofgreenhousegas
levels and energy productionsimultaneously. Photocatalytic reduction of CO into
2
fuelsis,however,morecomplicatedprocessascomparedtowatersplitting.Thisis
becauseofitsdependenceonthermodynamicsandkineticsoflightabsorption,band
potentials,chargeseparationandlargelytheactivationofcatalyst,i.e.adsorptionof
CO . Various organic materials as part of catalysts or supports such as carbon
2
nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nitride, etc. for CO activation as
2
adsorption and interaction with the catalyst is an important requirement of the
reaction.Inaddition,veryfewsolaractivecatalystsareavailablewhicharecapable
Preface vii
ofreducingcarbondioxide.ThephotocatalyticconversionofCO intofuelsisinits
2
embryonicstage,andasubstantialdevelopmentandprogressarestillrequired.Itis
therefore important to study and analyse various catalysts and technologies devel-
opedsofarforbettermodificationandupgradation.Amongvariousenergyconver-
sionapplications,photocatalysishasalsobeenpromisingforremovalofNO gases,
x
volatile organic carbon removal, air clean-up filters and catalytic converters for
vehicleexhausts.
Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications: Energy Conversion and
ChemicalTransformationsisfocussedonfuelproductionasasourceofrenewable
energyusingphotocatalysis.Theapplicationofphotocatalysisisdiscussedinareas
suchasfuelproductionincludingcarbonmonoxide,formicacid,methanol,methane
and hydrogen and CO reduction and water splitting, water purification and purifi-
2
cation of food industry wastewater and organic synthesis using various types of
photocatalytic materials such as quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, metal
oxides, Z-scheme photocatalysts, metal organic frameworks, composites and poly-
meric semiconductors. This is beneficial for analysing the current progress under-
way,whichcertainlypaveswaysfornewdirectionsforbreakthroughtechnologiesto
bedeveloped.Basedonthematictopics,thebookeditioncontainsthefollowingnine
chapters:
Chapter 1 gives an overview of the main methods to obtain quantum dots and
someexamplesoftheiruseasaphotocatalystforfuelproduction.
Chapter2summarizestheworksonthephotocatalytichydrogenproductionusing
highlystableTiO -basedheterostructuredphotocatalysts.Theemphasisisgivenon
2
three important characteristics, namely, UV-active TiO -based photocatalysts,
2
visible-active TiO -based photocatalysts and the effects of various carbon
2
nanostructures on the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficacy of TiO -based
2
heterostructuredphotocatalysts.
Chapter3highlightsthemethodofsynthesisofphotocatalystsandtheirpossible
modificationforperformanceenhancementinwatersplittingandCO reduction.
2
Chapter 4providesthebasic principles,terminologies,concepts,state-of-the-art
achievementsandthechargetransfermechanismofthephotocatalyticreductionof
CO usingartificialZ-schemephotocatalysts.Inspiteofthese,thedevelopmenton
2
semiconductor photocatalytic materials from the perspective of light harvesting as
well as the co-catalyst strategy for potentially boosting the activity and/or product
selectivityforthephotocatalyticreductionofCO alongwiththefuturedirectionof
2
researchusingZ-schemesystemsarealsodiscussedandhighlighted.
Chapter 5deals withtheimportanceof photocatalysts and their applicationsfor
artificialphotosynthesis.Theprimaryphotosyntheticapplicationsofphotocatalysts
suchassupramolecularartificialphotosyntheticsystems,covalentlylinkedmolecu-
larsystemsandgeneralmechanismofphotosynthesisarealsodiscussedindetail.
Chapter 6 discusses various chemical methodologies, properties and
photocatalytic applications of polymeric semiconductors (carbon nitride, C N ),
3 4
graphene, and metal-organic framework (MOF)-based hybrid nanostructured
photocatalystsforthewaterpurificationandthesolarhydrogenproduction.
viii Preface
Chapter 7 summarizes the innovative aspects of the applicability of
photocatalysis and technological advances with particular attention to the
photocatalytic energy recovery, organic synthesis and new reactor configurations.
Inparticular,thechapterdiscussesthepossibilitytoproduceanenergysourcesuch
as hydrogen and/or methane from the degradation of organic substance present in
wastewaterbyheterogeneousphotocatalysis.Thechapteralsoreportssimultaneous
valorization and purification of food industry wastewater using structured
photocatalysts.
Chapter 8 focusses on some important nano-semiconductor photocatalysts like
TiO ,ZnOandgraphiticcarbonnitrideandvariousstrategiesadoptedforimproving
2
theirphotocatalyticactivityundersunlight.Differentmethodsforimprovingvisible
lightactivephotocatalystsincludingmetal/nonmetaldoping,theadditionofphoto-
sensitivematerials,theincorporationofothernanoparticles,thecompositeformation
withothersemiconductorsandtheformationofheterojunctionsandnanohybridsare
discussed.
Chapter 9 reviews the state-of-the-art progresses in the use of common
photocatalyticmaterialsforthepurposeoffourimportantclassesoforganicsynthe-
sis, namely, oxidation of alcohols, oxidative cleavage of olefins, reduction of nitro
compounds and cyclisation; carbon-hetero bond formation and alkylation will be
reviewed.
Jeddah,SaudiArabia Inamuddin
Aligarh,India MohdImranAhamed
Jeddah,SaudiArabia AbdullahM.Asiri
Aix-en-Provence,France EricLichtfouse
Contents
1 NanophotocatalystsforFuelProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AnneliseKoppAlves
2 HighlyStableMetalOxide-BasedHeterostructured
PhotocatalystsforanEfficientPhotocatalyticHydrogen
Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
MurikinatiMamathaKumari,RaghavaReddyKakarla,
N.RameshReddy,U.Bhargava,M.V.Shankar,andS.K.Soni
3 NoveltyinDesigningofPhotocatalystsforWaterSplitting
andCO Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2
SantanuSarkar,ShubhrajitSarkar,ChiranjibBhattacharjee,
andSupriyaSarkar
4 Z-SchemePhotocatalystsfortheReductionofCarbonDioxide:
RecentAdvancesandPerspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
XiaodiZhuandSongSun
5 PhotocatalystsforArtificialPhotosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
BusraBalli,BuseDemirkan,BetulSen,andFatihSen
6 PolymericSemiconductorsasEfficientPhotocatalystsfor
WaterPurificationandSolarHydrogenProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . 125
SudeshKumar,RaghavaReddyKakarla,Ch.VenkataReddy,
EnamulHaque,VeeraSadhu,andS.Naveen
7 AdvancesandInnovationsinPhotocatalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
GiuseppinaIervolino,VincenzoVaiano,andPaoloCiambelli
8 SolarLightActiveNano-photocatalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
JestyThomasandK.S.Ambili
ix