Nanoparticles : preparation and characterization

238 Pages·2016·8.49 MB·English

by  Bhaskarwar

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• No subscriptions or Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, since 1990. He was also
access fees a visiting professor in the department of chemical e ngineering
• Unlimited and materials science at University of Minnesota. He has
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ISBN: 978-1-60650-630-1
NANOPARTICLES

NANOPARTICLES
P C
reParation and haraCterization
MANEESHA PANDE AND
ASHOK N. BHASKARWAR
MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK
Nanoparticles: Preparation and Characterization
Copyright © Momentum Press®, LLC, 2016.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—
electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for
brief quotations, not to exceed 400 words, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
First published by Momentum Press®, LLC
222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017
www.momentumpress.net
ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-630-1 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-631-8 (e-book)
Momentum Press Nanotechnology Collection
Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd.,
Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
a
bstraCt
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles have emerged as an important tool
towards improving cancer therapeutics and diagnostics. Recognizing the
indispensable role of nanoparticles specifically in targeted delivery of che-
motherapeutic and other anti-cancer agents to tumors, this book provides
a comprehensive account of the different methods used for the prepara-
tion of nanoparticles, including the mechanism behind each method, for
a beginner in the field. The commonly used methods of physical post-
synthesis characterization, have also been described. The toxicity
aspects of nanoparticles have been highlighted, particularly the effect of
nanoparticles on different systems of the human body. Appreciating the
inter disciplinary nature of nanotechnology applications in cancer drug
delivery, a brief description of the genesis and growth of a tumor has also
been included in the book.
KEYWORDS
microscopy, nanoparticle characterization, nanoparticle preparation meth-
ods, nanoparticle toxicity, nanoparticles, nanotechnology, targeted drug
delivery, tumor

C
ontents
List of figures xi
List of tabLes xv
Preface xvii
acknowLedgments xix
1 introduction to nanotechnoLogy 1
1.1 Nanotechnology: Definition 22
1.2 Nanomedicine 26
2 nanotechnoLogy in cancer diagnostics, theraPeutics,
and imaging 35
2.1 Genesis of Cancer 37
2.1.1 Causes of Mutation 38
2.1.2 Characteristics of Cancer Cells 39
2.1.3 Growth of a Tumor 44
2.2 Cancer Diagnostics 46
2.3 Cancer Imaging 49
2.3.1 Molecular Imaging 54
2.3.2 Role of Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnostics
and Imaging 55
2.3.3 Quantum Dots in Cancer Imaging 59
2.4 Cancer Therapeutics 62
2.4.1 Cancer Targeting 66
2.4.2 Role of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapeutics 73
viii • COntEntS
3 methods of PreParation of nanoParticLes for
drug deLivery 75
3.1 Theoretical Considerations Behind Formation
of Nanoparticles 78
3.1.1 Phase Equilibria: Fundamental Considerations 79
3.2 Methods Based on Nanoprecipitation from Single
Phase Systems 82
3.2.1 Precipitation/Co-precipitation 82
3.2.2 Microemulsion Method 86
3.2.3 Solvent Displacement Method 88
3.3 Methods Based on Formation of Nanoparticles from
Heterogenous Systems: Emulsion Based Processes 91
3.3.1 Methods Based on Homogenization 93
3.3.2 Methods Based on the Formation of Nanoparticles
from Preformed Polymers 97
3.3.3 Methods Based on Polymerization from
Monomers 109
3.4 Methods Based on Complexation by Electrostatic/Ionic
Interactions 119
3.4.1 Methods Based on Formation of
Polyelectrolyte Complex 119
3.4.2 Methods Based on Ionic Crosslinking
(Ionotropic Gelation) 121
3.5 Nanoparticles Produced by Desolvation of
Macromolecules 123
3.6 Techniques Based on Supercritical or Compressed Fluids 124
3.6.1 Hydrothermal Methods 127
3.7 Sonochemical Methods 130
3.8 Microwave Assisted Methods 131
3.9 Separation of Nanoparticles 132
3.9.1 Ultracentrifugation Followed by Lyophilization 132
3.9.2 Magnetic Separation Methods 133
3.9.3 Membrane Filtration 133
3.9.4 Calcination 133
COntEntS • ix
4 characterization of nanoParticLes 135
4.1 Methods Based on Microscopy 136
4.1.1 Electron Microscopy 136
4.1.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 146
4.1.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 146
4.2 Methods Based on Scattering of Light 148
4.2.1 Dynamic Light Scattering 149
4.2.2 Static Light Scattering 150
4.2.3 Scattering Tracking Analysis 150
4.2.4 Small Angle X-ray Scattering 151
5 toxicity of nanoParticLes 153
5.1 In Vivo Toxicity 155
5.1.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on the Respiratory System 156
5.1.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on the
Cardiovascular System 158
5.1.3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Skin 158
5.1.4 Effect of Nanoparticles on the Gastrointestinal Tract 160
5.1.5 Effect of Nanoparticles on the Reproductive System 160
5.1.6 Effect of Nanoparticles on the Immune System 160
5.1.7 Effect of Nanoparticles on Neurological System:
Brain and the Blood-Brain Barrier 161
5.1.8 Nanoparticles and Genotoxicity 162
5.2 Mechanisms of In Vivo Toxicity of Nanoparticles 162
5.2.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species 163
5.2.2 Frustrated Phagocytosis 165
5.3 Ecotoxicity of Nanoparticles 167
6 current status and future scoPe 169
6.1 Cancer Theranostics 170
6.2 Cell Derived Nanoparticles 171
6.3 Upconverting Nanoparticles 171
6.4 Need for Regulation 173
references 175
index 207