Nanoparticles: From Theory to Application

539 Pages·2010·11.465 MB·English

by  Schmid G. (ed.)

Edited by
Günter Schmid
Nanoparticles
From Theory to Application
Second Edition

Edited by
Gu¨nter Schmid
Nanoparticles
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Edited by
Günter Schmid
Nanoparticles
From Theory to Application
Second Edition
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V
Contents
List of Contributors XI
1 GeneralIntroduction 1
GünterSchmid
2 QuantumDots 3
WolfgangJohannParak,LiberatoManna,FriedrichC.
Simmel,DanieleGerion,andPaulAlivisatos
2.1 IntroductionandOutline 3
2.2 NanoscaleMaterialsandQuantumMechanics 5
2.2.1 NanoscaleMaterialsasIntermediateBetweenAtomic
andBulkMatter 5
2.2.2 QuantumMechanics 6
2.3 FromAtomstoMoleculesandQuantumDots 7
2.4 ShrinkingBulkMaterialtoaQuantumDot 10
2.4.1 Three-DimensionalSystems(BulkMaterial) 10
2.4.2 Two-DimensionalSystems 13
2.4.3 One-DimensionalSystems(QuantumWires) 17
2.4.4 Zero-DimensionalSystems(QuantumDots) 18
2.5 EnergyLevelsofa(Semiconductor)QuantumDot 19
2.6 VarietiesofQuantumDots 22
2.6.1 LithographicallyDefinedQuantumDots 23
2.6.2 EpitaxiallySelf-AssembledQuantumDots 25
2.6.3 ColloidalQuantumDots 26
2.7 OpticalPropertiesofQuantumDots 28
2.7.1 AbsorptionandEmissionSpectra 28
2.7.2 SpectralDiffusionandBlinking 29
2.7.3 MetalNanoparticles 31
2.7.4 OverviewofSomeSelectedApplications 32
VI Contents
2.8 Some(Electrical)TransportPropertiesofQuantumDots 33
2.8.1 CoulombBlockade:BasicTheoryandHistoricalSketch 33
2.8.2 Single-ElectronTunneling 35
2.8.3 TunnelingTransport:TheLineShapeofConductancePeaks 39
2.8.4 SomeApplications 40
References 42
3 SynthesesandCharacterizations 49
3.1 ZintlIons 49
3.1.1 HomoatomicandIntermetalloidTetrelClusters–Synthesis,
Characterization,andReactivity 49
SandraScharfeandThomasF.Fässler
3.1.1.1 Introduction 49
3.1.1.2 HomoatomicClustersofTetrelElements 50
3.1.1.2.1 DiscreteClustersinNeatSolidsandfromSolutions 50
3.1.1.2.2 ClusterShapesandIonPacking 52
3.1.1.2.3 LinkedE Clusters 55
9
3.1.1.3 IntermetalloidClustersofTetrelElements 56
3.1.1.3.1 ComplexesofZintlIons 56
3.1.1.3.2 Ligand-FreeHeteroatomicCluster:Intermetalloids 58
3.1.1.4 BeyondDeltahedralClusters 63
References 65
3.2 SemiconductorNanoparticles 69
3.2.1 SynthesisandCharacterizationofII–VINanoparticles 69
AlexanderEychmüller
3.2.1.1 HistoricalReview 69
3.2.1.2 Thiol-StabilizedNanoparticles 76
3.2.1.3 The‘‘Hot-Injection’’Synthesis 81
3.2.1.4 Core–ShellNanocrystals 83
3.2.1.5 QuantumDotQuantumWells 88
References 92
3.2.2 SynthesisandCharacterizationofIII-VSemiconductor
Nanoparticles 101
UriBanin
3.2.2.1 Introduction 101
3.2.2.2 SyntheticStrategy 103
3.2.2.3 InAsandInPNanocrystals 105
3.2.2.3.1 SynthesisofInAsandInPNanocrystals 105
3.2.2.3.2 StructuralandBasicOpticalCharacterizationofInAs
andInPNanocrystals 107
3.2.2.4 GroupIII–VCore–ShellNanocrystals:Synthesis
andCharacterization 111
3.2.2.4.1 SynthesisofCore–ShellNanocrystalswithInAsCores 113
3.2.2.4.2 OpticalCharacterizationoftheCore–ShellNanocrystals 114
3.2.2.4.3 ChemicalandStructuralCharacterization 117
Contents VII
3.2.2.4.4 ModelCalculationsfortheBandGap 122
3.2.2.4.5 StabilityofCore–ShellNanocrystals 124
References 125
3.2.3 SynthesisandCharacterizationofIb–VINanoclusters 127
StefanieDehnen,AndreasEichhöfer,JohnF.Corrigan,OlafFuhr,
andDieterFenske
3.2.3.1 Introduction 127
3.2.3.2 Chalcogen-BridgedCopperClusters 128
3.2.3.2.1 SynthesisRoutes 128
3.2.3.2.2 Sulfur-BridgedCopperClusters 129
3.2.3.2.3 Selenium-BridgedCopperClusters 136
3.2.3.2.4 Tellurium-BridgedCopperClusters 165
3.2.3.3 Chalcogen-BridgedSilverClusters 177
3.2.3.3.1 Sulfur-BridgedSilverClusters 178
3.2.3.3.2 Selenium-BridgedSilverClusters 186
3.2.3.3.3 Tellurium-BridgedSilverClusters 196
3.2.3.4 Selenium-BridgedGoldClusters 208
References 210
3.3 SynthesisofMetalNanoparticles 214
3.3.1 NobleMetalNanoparticles 214
GünterSchmid
3.3.1.1 Introduction 214
3.3.1.2 HistoryandBackground 214
3.3.1.3 StabilizationofMetalNanoparticles 215
3.3.1.4 SyntheticMethods 218
3.3.1.4.1 SaltReduction 219
3.3.1.4.2 ControlledDecomposition 226
3.3.1.5 ShapeControl 228
References 232
3.3.2 Synthesis,PropertiesandApplicationsofMagneticNanoparticles 239
GalynaKrylova, MarynaI.Bodnarchuk,UlrichI.Tromsdorf,
ElenaV.Shevchenko,DmitriV.Talapin,andHorstWeller
3.3.2.1 Introduction 239
3.3.2.1.1 ReverseMicellesTechnique 241
3.3.2.1.2 SonochemicalSynthesis 242
3.3.2.1.3 ColloidalSyntheses 242
3.3.2.2 ColloidalSynthesisofMagneticMetalNanoparticles 242
3.3.2.2.1 GeneralRemarksontheSynthesisofCoandCoPt3Nanocrystals 243
3.3.2.2.2 SynthesisofCobaltNanoparticleswithDifferentCrystalline
Modification 244
3.3.2.2.3 SynthesisofCoPt MagneticAlloyNanocrystals 247
3
3.3.2.2.4 Shape-ControlledSynthesisofMagneticNanoparticles 252
3.3.2.2.5 OtherMetalMagneticNanoparticlesSynthesizedbyMethods
ofColloidalChemistry 255
3.3.2.3 IronOxide-BasedMagneticNanocrystals 259