Nanomedicine Design of Particles, Sensors, Motors, Implants, Robots, and Devices (Artech House Series Engineering in Medicine & Biology)

549 Pages·2009·10.76 MB·English

by  Mark J. Schulz

Nanomedicine Design of Particles, Sensors,
Motors, Implants, Robots, and Devices
ArtechHouseSeries
EngineeringinMedicine&Biology
SeriesEditors
MartinL.Yarmush,HarvardMedicalSchool
ChristopherJ.James,UniversityofSouthampton
Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Data Analysis, Gari D. Clifford, FranciscoAzuaje,
and Patrick E.McSharry, editors
Advances inPhotodynamicTherapy: Basic,Translational, and Clinical, MichaelHamblin
andPawelMroz, editors
Biological Database Modeling, Jake Chen andAmandeepS.Sidhu, editors
BiomedicalInformaticsinTranslationalResearch, HaiHu, MichaelLiebman, and
Richard Mural
Biomedical Surfaces, JeremyRamsden
Genome Sequencing Technology and Algorithms, Sun Kim,HaixuTang, and
Elaine R.Mardis, editors
InorganicNanoprobesfor Biological Sensing and Imaging,HediMattoussiand
JinwooCheon, editors
Intelligent Systems Modeling and Decision Support in Bioengineering,MahdiMahfouf
Life Science Automation Fundamentals and Applications,MingjunZhang, Bradley Nelson,
and RobinFelder, editors
Microscopic Image Analysis for Life Science Applications,JensRittscher, Stephen T. C. Wong,
and RaghuMachiraju, editors
NanomedicineDesign of Particles, Sensors, Motors, Implants, Robots, and Devices, Mark J.
Schulz,VesselinN.Shanov, andYeoheungYun, editors
NanoreactorEngineering for Life Sciences and Medicine,AgnesOstafinandKatharina
Landfester, editors
Next Generation Artificial Vision Systems: Reverse Engineering the Human Visual System,
MariaPetrouand AnilBharath, editors
SystemsBioinformatics: An Engineering Case-Based Approach, GilAlterovitzand
Marco F.Ramoni, editors
Systems Engineering Approach to Medical Automation, RobinFelder
TranslationalApproaches in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine,Jeremy Mao,
GordanaVunjak-Novakovic,AntoniosG.Mikos, and AnthonyAtala, editors
Nanomedicine Design of Particles, Sensors,
Motors, Implants, Robots, and Devices
Mark J. Schulz
Vesselin N. Shanov
Yeoheung Yun
Editors
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U. S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-279-1
Cover design by Igor Valdman
CoverimagesprovidedbyRobertFreitas,ElenaHeister,ThierryLutz,HuiZhang,Xuesong
Feng, Yi Shu, Faqing Yuan, Peixuan Guo, Yin Yin Guo, Tomomi Nemoto, and Keith A.
Crutcher.
© 2009 Artech House. All rights reserved.
PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced
orutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,
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from the publisher.
Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshave
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The coeditors and chapter authors hope that this bookwill help to free future
generations of humanity from disease that mankind has endured for thousands of years.
Mark J. Schulz also dedicates his contribution to the memory of his parents,
Jeanne and Joseph Schulz, and sister, Margaret Schulz.

Contents
Preface xvii
Outline of the Book xix
CHAPTER 1
A Nanotechnology Framework for Medical Innovation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Descriptive Systems Modeling 2
1.2.1 Examples of Descriptive Systems Modeling 3
1.3 Instrumentation Needed to Develop DSM 4
1.4 Nanomaterials Made for Medicine 6
1.5 Implantable Nanomedical Devices 8
1.6 Nanorobots 10
1.6.1 Nanorobots for Revolutionizing Medicine 12
1.6.2 Nanorobot Factory 16
1.6.3 Biological Nanorobots 17
1.7 Biodegradable Metals for Temporary Implantable
1.7 Nanomedical Devices 17
1.8 Integration of Nanodevices in the Body 18
1.9 Safety and Ethical Implications of Nanomedicine 19
1.10 Efficiently Working Together Using Shared Resources 20
1.11 Chapter Summary and Conclusions 21
Problems 22
Acknowledgments 22
References 22
PART I
Nanoscale Materials and Particles 25
CHAPTER 2
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Materials for Biomedical Applications 27
2.1 Introduction to Nanoscale Materials 27
2.2 Synthesis of Long Carbon Nanotube Arrays 29
2.3 Characterization of CNT Arrays 31
2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron
2.3.1 Microscopy 31
2.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis 31
2.4 Patterned CNT Arrays 32
2.5 Production Scale Up of CNT Arrays at UC 32
2.5.1 Magnetron Sputtering for Substrate Preparation 32
vii
viii Contents
2.6 Spinning Carbon Nanotubes into Thread 35
2.6.1 Mechanics of Array Spinning 36
2.6.2 Direct Spinning of Thread from Long CNT Arrays 36
2.6.3 Catalyst and Substrates for Growing of Spinable CNT Arrays 38
2.6.4 Spinning Thread from DWCNT Arrays 38
2.6.5 Pulling Ribbon from CNT Arrays 40
2.6.6 Post-Treatment of the CNT Thread 42
2.7 Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of CNT Thread 43
2.7.1 Tensile Testing of CNT Thread 43
2.7.2 Electrical Properties of CNT Thread 43
2.7.3 Temperature Dependence of the CNT Thread Resistance 44
2.7.4 Electrical Properties of CNT Ribbon 46
2.8 Nano-Handling of CNTs Using a Nanomanipulator Inside an ESEM 46
2.8.1 Instrumentation 46
2.8.2 Handling CNT Bundles 47
2.8.3 Building Nanomedical Devices Using the Nanomanipulator 47
2.9 Carbon Nanotube Threads in Wireless, Biomedical Sensor Applications 49
2.9.1 Wireless Communication and the Modern World 49
2.9.2 Development of CNT Thread-Based Antenna at UC 49
2.9.3 Future Medical Application of the CNT Thread Antenna 50
2.10 Applications of CNT Materials in Nanomedicine 51
2.10.1 Carbon Nanotube Array Immunosensor 51
2.10.2 Carbon Nanotube Actuators 52
2.10.3 Carbon Nanotube Materials as Scaffolds for Supporting
2.10.3 Directional Neurite Growth 53
2.11 Summary and Conclusions 54
Problems 54
Acknowledgments 55
References 55
CHAPTER 3
Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes as Multimodal Drug Delivery Systems
for Targeted Cancer Therapy 61
3.1 Introduction to Targeted Cancer Therapy 61
3.1.1 Cancer Statistics 61
3.1.2 Present-Day Cancer Treatment and Associated Problems 62
3.1.3 A Brief Insight into Targeting Strategies 63
3.2 Carbon Nanotubes: A Versatile Material 65
3.2.1 Definition and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 65
3.2.2 Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes 67
3.2.3 Purification of Carbon Nanotubes 69
3.2.4 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for
3.2.4 Biomedical Applications 70
3.3 Carbon Nanotubes as Nanovectors for Multimodal Drug Delivery 71
3.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Systems Based on
3.3.1 Surface Functionalization 71
Contents ix
3.3.2 Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Systems Based on Filling
3.3.2 of the Inner Cavity 77
3.4 Challenges and Future Prospects 80
3.4.1 Toxicological Aspects 80
3.4.2 In Vivo Biodistribution of Carbon Nanotubes 84
3.5 Conclusion 85
Problems 85
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
CHAPTER 4
Composite Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy:
Engineering Surface, Composition, and Shape 95
4.1 Introduction 95
4.1.1 Nanoscience and Medicine: The Need and the Opportunity 95
4.1.2 Nanodevices 97
4.1.3 Principles of Nanodevice Design 98
4.2 Materials for Nanodevice Fabrication 98
4.2.1 Dendrimers 98
4.2.2 Engineering Size, Charge, and Surface Functionality of
4.2.2 PAMAM Dendrimers 99
4.2.3 Dendrimer Nanocomposites: Engineering Composition 105
4.2.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles: Engineering Shape 109
4.3 Application Examples of Nanodevices 113
4.3.1 Nanoparticles in Cancer Imaging 113
4.3.2 Application Examples of Dendrimer Nanodevices 116
4.3.3 Perspectives on Biomedical Applications of Shaped
4.3.3 Nanocrystals 117
4.4 Summary 118
Problems 118
References 120
CHAPTER 5
Three-Dimensional Lithographically Structured Self-Assembled
Biomedical Devices 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Basics of Lithographic Fabrication 130
5.3 The Need for Three-Dimensional Biomedical Devices 132
5.4 Present Day Lithographically Structured Biomedical Devices 134
5.4.1 Drug Delivery Devices 135
5.4.2 Structural Devices 135
5.4.3 Implantable Organic /Electronic Devices 137
5.4.4 Microfluidic Devices for Diagnosis and Cell Growth 137
5.4.5 Soft and Wet 3-D Devices 138
5.4.6 Tissue Scaffolds—Growing Live Devices 139
5.4.7 Interactions with Body Components 139