Table Of ContentNanomaterials in
Plants, Algae, and
Microorganisms
CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES:
VOLUME 1
Edited by
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hivesh harma
D K C
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List of Contributors
Muhammad A. Ayub University of Agriculture Gohar Ishaq University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Fatima Akmal University of Agriculture, Prashant K. Rai University of Allahabad,
Faisalabad, Pakistan Allahabad, India
Shafaqat Ali Government College University, Debajyoti Kabiraj Indian Institute of
Faisalabad, Pakistan Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
Muhammad Anwar ul Haq University of Ramesh K. Kaul ICAR-Central Arid Zone
Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
Namira Arif Centre for Medical Diagnostic and Akash Kedia Government General Degree
Research, Motilal Nehru National Institute of College at Mangalkote, Burdwan, India
Technology, Allahabad, India Hinnan Khalid University of Agriculture
Muhammad Azhar University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Faisalabad, Pakistan Tushar Khare Modern College of Arts, Science
Gausiya Bashri University of Allahabad, and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune
Allahabad, India University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
Utpal Bora Indian Institute of Technology Anuja Koul Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University,
Guwahati, Guwahati, India Katra, India
Uday Burman ICAR-Central Arid Zone Anil Kumar Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University,
Research Institute, Jodhpur, India Katra, India
Devendra Kumar Chauhan University of Deepak Kumar Banaras Hindu University,
Allahabad, Allahabad, India Varanasi, India
Hasnahana Chetia Indian Institute of Nitin Kumar Motilal Nehru National Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India Technology, Allahabad, India
Nawal Kishore Dubey Banaras Hindu Praveen Kumar ICAR-Central Arid Zone
University, Varanasi, India Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
Somenath Ghatak University of Allahabad, Vinay Kumar Modern College of Arts, Science
Allahabad, India and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune
Lucia Giorgetti National Research Council University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
(IBBA-CNR), Pisa, Italy Daniel Lizzi University of Udine, Udine, Italy;
Muhammad I. Sohail University of University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Sheo M. Prasad University of Allahabad,
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Allahabad, India
Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research Sharada Mallubhotla Shri Mata Vaishno Devi
and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL, University, Katra, India
United States
Muhammad A. Maqsood University of
Aran Incharoensakdi Chulalongkorn Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
University, Bangkok, Thailand
xi
xii List of Contributors
Luca Marchiol University of Udine, Mansi Sharma Modern College of Arts,
Udine, Italy Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule
Alessandro Mattiello University of Udine, Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
Udine, Italy Shivesh Sharma Motilal Nehru National
Pragya Mishra University of Allahabad, Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
Allahabad, India Shweta University of Allahabad, Allahabad,
Asif Naeem Pakistan Atomic Energy India
Commission, Faisalabad, Pakistan Anita Singh University of Allahabad,
Seema Nara Motilal Nehru National Institute of Allahabad, India
Technology, Allahabad, India Deepika Singh Indian Institute of Technology
Sunita Ojha Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
Guwahati, Guwahati, India Rachana Singh University of Allahabad,
SuYean Ong University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Allahabad, India
Malaysia Shailendra P. Singh Banaras Hindu University,
Sonika Pandey National Institute of Plant Varanasi, India
Genome Research, New Delhi, India Swati Singh Centre for Medical Diagnostic and
Parul Parihar University of Allahabad, Research, Motilal Nehru National Institute of
Allahabad, India Technology, Allahabad, India
Anuradha Patel University of Allahabad, Vidya Singh Banaras Hindu University,
Allahabad, India Varanasi, India
Jainendra Pathak Banaras Hindu University, Vivek K. Singh Shri Mata Vaishno Devi
Varanasi, India University, Katra, India
Jose R. Peralta-Videa The University of Texas at Rajeshwar P. Sinha Banaras Hindu University,
El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States Varanasi, India
Muhammad F. Qayyum Bahaudin Zakariya Seyed M. Talebi Arak University, Arak,
University, Multan, Pakistan Iran
Hamaad R. Ahmad University of Agriculture Durgesh K. Tripathi University of Allahabad,
Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan Allahabad, India; Centre for Medical
Diagnostic and Research, Motilal Nehru
Raghvendra R. Mishra Banaras Hindu
National Institute of Technology, Allahabad,
University, Varanasi, India
India; Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,
S. Rajeshkumar VIT University, Vellore, India
India
Pranav Tripathi Motilal Nehru National
Rajneesh Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
India
Neha Upadhyay Motilal Nehru National
Muhammad Rizwan Government College Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Rajendran Velmurugan Chulalongkorn
Shivendra Sahi Western Kentucky University, University, Bangkok, Thailand
Bowling Green, KY, United States
S. Venkat Kumar VIT University, Vellore,
Arghya Sett Indian Institute of Technology India
Guwahati, Guwahati, India
Kanchan Vishwakarma Motilal Nehru National
Gaurav Sharma Jawaharlal Nehru University, Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
New Delhi, India
xiii
List of Contributors
Shabir H. Wani Mountain Research Centre for Vashali Yadav Centre for Medical Diagnostic
Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir and Research, Motilal Nehru National Institute
University of Agricultural Sciences and of Technology, Allahabad, India
Technology, Anantnag, India Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman University of
Maqsoda Waqar University of Agriculture, Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Geeta Watal University of Allahabad,
Allahabad, India
Preface
Nanotechnology is being widely used in discussed the several aspects of nanoparticle
different disciplines of science, which not research starting from basic knowledge to
only shows its applicability but also derives going on research.
several benefits in medical science, agricul- Chapter 1 gives a concentric overview of
tural sciences engineering, pharmaceuticals, availability and risk assessment of differ-
and others. Being most valuable technique ent metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on
in the recent years its knowledge, updates, plants, microbes, and human beings. This
and related discoveries has not well docu- chapter also includes the concepts of posi-
mented in the form of books. Thus in the tive and negative impacts of nanoparticles
course of acquiring knowledge about the on plants, microbes, and human beings
nanotechnological research in plants, algae, and briefly discussed the future prospects.
and microorganisms since the past up to Chapter 2 discussed the brief account of
the present we have found significant gap plant-mediated metal and metal nanopar-
between the availability of books and emerg- ticle synthesis, characterization, and its wide
ing area of research. Thus, this book has been impacts. The authors have also discussed the
planned to collect the worldwide knowl- relevant plant parts for the appropriate syn-
edge of scientists/researchers on nanotech- thesis of nanoparticles. Additionally Chapter
nology, which may bridge the gap between 3 briefly discussed the potential use of spec-
researches being conducted from the past up troscopic techniques in characterization of
to today, and the direction these researches green nanomaterials.
might take in the future with respect to inter- The next few chapters deal with the
actions of nanoparticles and plants, algae, approaches and developments in nanotech-
and microorganisms. nology; this chapter also discussed the chal-
The title of this book indicates that this lenges in the field of DNA nanotechnology
book has collected the knowledge, discov- and briefly described the possible way of
eries, and the fruitful findings of nanopar- its synthesis and its promising applications
ticles and plants, algae, and microorganisms that could be developed. Authors also dis-
interactions from the past to recent. As sev- cussed the impact of engineered nanopar-
eral studies indicated the positive and some ticles on different plant species. It has also
negative impacts of nanoparticle on living discussed the exposure of nanoparticles
systems and therefore nanoparticles research intricacies of the different facets of their
somewhere is matter of controversies interaction at cellular, organ, and whole-
because of lack of concepts. Thus, we have plant level. It further discussed the impact
collected the chapters discussing the wide of nanoparticles on morphology of root and
knowledge of positive and negative impacts shoot of plants and also on seed germina-
of nanoparticles on living system mainly tions, which depend on different factors
plants, algae, and microorganisms. This such as chemical formula, size, reactivity,
book also included the chapters that briefly and the effective dosages.
xv
xvi Preface
In later chapters, authors have system- mechanism and impacts of nanoparticles
atically arranged the knowledge of recent with plants, algae, and microorganisms.
progress of nanotoxicology in plants and This book will be valuable for students,
the way of plant-mediated cooper, iron, teachers, and researchers of diverse area
titanium, and cerium oxide nanoparti- related to botany, physiology, microbiology,
cles synthesis and their possible impacts. environment, and nanotechnology, etc. To
Furthermore, bioavailability, particle size, the best of our knowledge, we have made all
surface coating, and impacts of gold nano- the possible efforts to effectively compile this
materials to plants are briefly discussed. volume. However, we feel that there might
Additionally the response of iron oxide be space for improvement; therefore, regard-
nanoparticles, rare earth oxide nanopar- ing this we seek involvement and the valu-
ticles on plants, titanium dioxide nanopar- able suggestions from the readers, which
ticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, and would help us to make amendments for the
cerium oxide nanoparticles in plants is upcoming volume.
briefly discussed. Further in the last few Furthermore, we are highly grateful to the
chapters, some very important issues such contributors of this volume, who have dedi-
as phenomena of nanoparticles and molec- cated their worthy time and efforts in prepar-
ular mechanisms in plants, nanoparticles, ing and editing chapters as well as through
and organic matter, nanotechnology in their valuable suggestions. We owe our grat-
crop protection, nanoparticles on oxidative itude to Emily Joy Grace Thomson (Editorial
stress and responsive antioxidative defense Project Manager, Elsevier), Surya Narayanan
in plants, ecological risks of nanoparticles Jayachandran (Project Manager, Reference
and their effect on soil microorganisms, Content Production), Swapna Praveen
nanoencapsulation of essential oils for the (Copyrights Coordinator, GR—Copyrights,
possible way of an eco-friendly strategy to Elsevier), Anneka Hess (Acquisitions Editor,
control postharvest spoilage of food com- Elsevier), and all the other staff members
modities from pests, application of nano- of Elsevier, who have been associated and
technology to enhance the nutrient quality helped in every possible ways to make this
of food crop and agricultural production, project worthy for publication of this volume.
and influence of nanomaterials on crops
toward sustainable agriculture have been Dr. Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
well discussed. Dr. Parvaiz Ahmad
This book is a collection of global pan- Dr. Shivesh Sharma
orama that through different ways made us Prof. Devendra Kumar Chauhan
able to understand the possible interacting Prof. Nawal Kishore Dubey
C H A P T E R
1
Availability and Risk Assessment of
Nanoparticles in Living Systems:
A Virtue or a Peril?
Shweta1, Durgesh K. Tripathi1,2,3,
Devendra Kumar Chauhan1, Jose R. Peralta-Videa4
1University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India; 2Centre for Medical Diagnostic and Research,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India; 3Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India; 4The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The population of the world continues to increase at an alarming rate. Problems linked
with overpopulation range from food and water scarcity to inadequacy of space for organ-
isms. Overpopulation is also linked with several other demographic hazards. For instance,
population explosion will not only result in exhaustion of natural repositories, but will also
induce intense pressure on the world economy. At present, nanotechnology is a much dis-
cussed discipline of science because of its positive and negative aspects. Incidentally, because
of industrialization and the ever-increasing population, nanopollution has been an emerging
topic among scientists for investigation and debate. According to Wang and Wang (2014),
nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that covers physical, chemical, biological, engi-
neering, and electronic sciences. Hagens et al. (2007) defined nanotechnology as a measure
of any substance at the macromolecular scale, molecular scale, and even the atomic scale.
Moreover, according to Storrs (2005), nanotechnology is a branch of science that deals with
the manipulation and control of any matter at the nanometer scale.
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles (NPs) play important roles in sustainable develop-
ment and environmental challenges as well (Grieger et al., 2010; Peralta-Videa et al., 2011;
Mukherjee et al., 2016). NPs possess both harmful as well as beneficial effects on the environ-
ment and its harboring components such as microbes, plants, and humans. For instance, it is
demonstrated that TiO NPs play beneficial roles in seed germination, enhanced root-shoot
2
Nanomaterials in Plants, Algae, and Microorganisms
1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811487-2.00001-3 © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 1. AVAILABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF NANOPARTICLES IN LIVING SYSTEM: A VIRTUE OR A PERIL?
length, and improved growth of seedlings in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) (Szymańska et al., 2016;
Lyu et al., 2017), cabbage (Andersen et al., 2016; Lyu et al., 2017), corn (Andersen et al., 2016;
Lyu et al., 2017), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (Andersen et al., 2016; Lyu et al., 2017), oat (Avena
sativa L.) (Andersen et al., 2016; Lyu et al., 2017), and flax (Linum usitatissium L.) (Aghdam
et al., 2016; Lyu et al., 2017). Conversely, Tripathi et al. (2017a) reported the toxicity of AgNPs
on heterotrophic microbes as well as autotrophic plants. However, there are many other
beneficial impacts also exerted by NPs including their roles in the management of wastewa-
ter and soil treatment (Tiwari et al., 2008; Chekli et al., 2013), cosmetics (Müller et al., 2002;
Mu and Sprando, 2010; Mihranyan et al., 2012; Matranga and Corsi, 2012), food packag-
ing and its protection from microbes (Duncan, 2011), electronics (Kachynski et al., 2008),
agriculture and biomedicines (Hoet et al., 2004; Dong and Feng, 2007; Matranga and Corsi,
2012), in manufacturing pharmaceuticals (Matranga and Corsi, 2012), renewable energies
(Pavasupree et al., 2006), and environmental remedies (Zhang, 2003; Tungittiplakorn et al.,
2004). Moreover, Sharma et al. (2009) have described the green synthesis of AgNPs and
demonstrated that they filter out the polluted air and water and also show antimicrobial
activities.
On the other hand, they also show toxic effects on microbes (Matranga and Corsi, 2012;
Tripathi et al., 2017a), plants (Stampoulis et al., 2009; Reddy et al., 2016; Tripathi et al., 2017b,c;
Majumdar et al., 2015; Zuverza-Mena et al., 2016), as well as human beings (Handy and Shaw,
2007). It has been reported that the use of nanotechnological products leads to the increased
accumulation of NPs in soil and aquatic ecosystems, which may be detrimental for living
organisms (Lazareva and Keller, 2014; Keller and Lazareva, 2013). Similarly, Holden et al.
(2012) demonstrated the toxic effect of NPs on microbes, invertebrates, aquatic organisms
including algae, and whole ecosystems. However, several reports on plant and NP interfaces
also demonstrated that when NPs interacted with plant cells the result was alterations in
growth, biological function, gene expression, and ultimately hindrance to the growth and
development of plants (Ochoa et al., 2017; López-Moreno et al., 2017; Tripathi et al., 2017b).
Moreover, Majumdar et al. (2015) also described the impact of NPs on plants at proteomic and
transcriptomic levels. Furthermore, Zezulka et al. (2013) demonstrated that NPs can lead to
changes in the production of biomass, leaf area, and chlorophyll.
There are various NPs that are essential not only for the development of living organisms but
also for the environment (Biswas and Wu, 2005). Therefore nanotechnology has been used to
improve the quality of medicines (in making smart drugs), creams and cosmetic items, health
supplements, textiles and clothing, air and water filters, household items, detergents, etc.
(Donaldson et al., 2004; Xiao et al., 2005; Nel et al., 2006; Mihranyan et al., 2012).
Another aspect of nanotechnology is nanopollution, i.e., microbes, plants, and animals
that directly or indirectly affect living organisms. Therefore, its intelligent use is necessary
to check or control its negative impacts. Nanomaterials are big challenges for both nature
and the ecosystem, because they lead to artificial evolution. They manipulate the matter at
its elementary level and convert it to new matter that is not found in the realms of nature.
Increasing the use of nanotechnological products leads to release of NPs in the environment,
which requires assessment of environmental risk (Albrecht et al., 2006; Scheufele et al., 2007).
Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to critically review the application of NPs and toxicity
imposed by them on microorganisms, plants, and humans, and to draw a conclusion, which
could be useful for scientists working in nanotechnology.
