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NANOMATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2308_title 11/22/05 10:46 AM Page 1
NANOMATERIALS
HANDBOOK
EDITED BY
Y G
URY OGOTSI
Boca Raton London New York
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2308_Discl.fm Page 1 Thursday, December 22, 2005 11:28 AM
The upper left image on the cover is a colored SEM micrograph of a nano-lamina of graphite produced by chlorination of
iron carbide. The upper right image is a colored SEM micrograph of a graphite polyhedral crystal (GPC) with its Raman
spectra in the foreground. Both images are by S. Dimovski, Drexel University. The lower image is a molecular dynamics
simulation of zipping of a graphene edge (by S.V.Rotkin, Lehigh). Similarities between a sleeve formed at the edge of
graphite and a single-wall nanotube can be clearly seen. The background (by J. Libera) is a TEM image of the GPC edge.
Artist view by B. Grosser, ITG, Beckman Institute, UIUC). See chapters 6 and 8 for more information.
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-2308-8 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-2308-9 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005053105
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nanomaterials handbook / [edited by] Yuri Gogotsi.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-2308-8
1. Nanostructured materials--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Gogotsi, IU. G., 1961-
TA418.9.N35H357 2006
620.1'1--dc22 2005053105
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This book is dedicated to my family — the source of my inspiration
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Preface
Nanomaterials Handbook is designed specifically to provide an overview of nanomaterials for
today’s scientists, graduate students, and engineering professionals. The study of nanomaterials,
which are materials with structural units (grains or particles) on a nanometer scale in at least one
direction,is the fastest growing area in material science and engineering. Material properties change
on the nanoscale; for example, the theoretical strength of materials can be reached or quantum
effects may appear. Thus,nanomaterials may have properties different from those of single crystals
or conventional microstructured,monolithic,or composite materials.
Man has been taking advantage of nanomaterials for a long time. Roman glass artifacts (e.g.,
the famous Lycurgus cup located in the British Museum in London) contained metal nanoparticles,
which provided beautiful colors. In medieval times,metal nanoparticles were used to color glass for
cathedral windows. For example,the famous gold ruby glass contains nanometer-size gold particles
that impart the glass its red color. Currently,nanomaterials play a role in numerous industries,e.g.,
(1) carbon black particles (about 30nm in size) make rubber tires wear-resistant; (2) nano phos-
phors are used in LCDs and CRTs to display colors; (3) nanofibers are used for insulation and rein-
forcement of composites; (4) nano-size alumina and silica powders are used for fine polishing of
silicon wafers; (5) nanoparticles of iron oxide create the magnetic material used in disk drives and
audio/video tapes; (6) nano-zinc oxide or titania is used in sunscreens to block UV rays from the
sun; and (7) nanoscale-platinum particles are crucial to the operation of catalytic converters. Many
new nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, fullerenes, and quantum dots, have emerged recently and
many others are under development.
The handbook uses terms familiar to a materials scientist or engineer and describes nanomate-
rials,but not nanotechnology in general. The nanomaterials area alone is so broad that it is virtually
impossible to cover all materials in a single volume. Carbon-based materials receive special atten-
tion in this book,because carbon is as important to nanotechnology as silicon is to electronics. The
materials will not only be divided into traditional classes such as ceramics,semiconductors,metals,
biomaterials,and polymers; but also will be treated based on their dimensionality,processing meth-
ods,and applications. A variety of applications,ranging from drug delivery systems and field-emis-
sion displays to machine tools and bioimplants will be described. Both commercially available and
emerging materials will be covered. The handbook consists of 27 chapters written by leading
researchers from academia,national laboratories,and industry,and covers the latest material devel-
opments in America,Asia,Europe,and Australia.
Finally,I would like to acknowledge all people who have been helpful in making this book pos-
sible. My family has been very patient and understanding. My students and postdocs helped me
concentrate on the book project and Taylor & Francis staff helped me immensely.
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Editor
Yury Gogotsiis professor of materials science and engineering at Drexel University,Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. He also holds appointments in the Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical
Engineering at Drexel University and serves as director of the A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute
and associate dean of the College of Engineering. He received his M.S. (1984) and Ph.D. (1986)
degrees from Kiev Polytechnic and a D.Sc. degree from the Ukrainian Academy of Science in 1995.
His research group works on carbon nanotubes,nanoporous carbide-derived carbons,and nanoflu-
idics. He has also contributed to the areas of structural ceramics, corrosion of ceramic materials,
and pressure-induced phase transformations. He has coauthored 2 books,edited 7 books,obtained
20 patents,and authored more than 200 research papers. He has advised a number of M.S.,Ph.D.,
and postdoctoral students at Drexel University and University of Illinois at Chicago.
Gogotsi received several awards for his research, including I.N. Frantsevich Prize from the
Ukrainian Academy of Science, S. Somiya Award from the International Union of Materials
Research Societies, Kuczynski Prize from the International Institute for the Science of Sintering,
and Roland B. Snow Award from the American Ceramic Society. He has been elected a fellow of
the American Ceramic Society,academician of the World Academy of Ceramics,and full member
of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering.
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contributors
Rostislav A. Andrievski Svetlana Dimovski
Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics Department of Materials Science and
Russian Academy of Sciences Engineering
Chernogolovka,Russia Drexel University
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Michel W. Barsoum
Department of Materials Science and
Mildred S. Dresselhaus
Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Drexel University
Cambridge,Massachusetts
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Fangming Du
François Béguin
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée
Engineering
CNRS-Université
University of Pennsylvania
Orléans,France
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
J.D. Carey
Advanced Technology Institute Ali Erdemir
University of Surrey Argonne National Laboratory
Guildford,United Kingdom Argonne,Illinois
A.K. Cheetham
Osman Levent Eryilmaz
University of California
Argonne National Laboratory
Santa Barbara,California
Argonne,Illinois
I-Wei Chen
University of Pennsylvania John E. Fischer
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Department of Materials Science and
Engineering
Mingwei Chen University of Pennsylvania
Tohoku University Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Sendai,Japan
Elzbieta Frackowiak
Ying Chen
Institute of Chemistry and Technical
Department of Electronic Materials
Electrochemistry
Engineering
Poznan´ University of Technology
Research School of Physical Science and
Poznan´,Poland
Engineering
The Australian National University
Canberra,Australia Yury Gogotsi
Department of Materials Science and
D. Davis Engineering
Louisiana State University Drexel University
Baton Rouge,Louisiana Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Z. Guo R.A. Masumura
Louisiana State University Naval Research Laboratory
Baton Rouge,Louisiana Washington,D.C.
Meredith L. Hans
Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
Department of Materials Science and
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
Engineering
Università degli Studi di Trieste
Drexel University
Piazzale Europa,Italy
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Kevin Hemker Gary McGuire
Johns Hopkins University International Technology Center
Baltimore,Maryland Research Triangle Park,North Carolina
Joseph P. Heremans
Nikhil Mehta
The Ohio State University
Auburn University
Columbus,Ohio
Auburn,Alabama
Q. Huang
Louisiana State University A. Nikitin
Baton Rouge,Louisiana Department of Materials Science and
Engineering
Pavel E. Kazin Drexel University
Moscow State University Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Moscow,Russia
I.A. Ovid’ko
Kursat Kazmanli
Institute of Problems of Mechanical
Istanbul Technical University
Engineering
Istanbul,Turkey
Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow,Russia
Frank K. Ko
Department of Materials Science and
Giuseppe R. Palmese
Engineering
Department of Materials Science and
Drexel University
Engineering
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Drexel University
Y. Li Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Louisiana State University
A. Panda
Baton Rouge,Louisiana
Louisiana State University
Anthony M. Lowman Baton Rouge,Louisiana
Department of Materials Science and
Engineering C.S. Pande
Drexel University Naval Research Laboratory
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Washington,D.C.
A. Lozano-Morales Nicholas A. Peppas
Louisiana State University University of Texas
Baton Rouge,Louisiana Austin,Texas
En Ma E.J. Podlaha
Johns Hopkins University Louisiana State University
Baltimore,Maryland Baton Rouge,Louisiana
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Maurizio Prato Nikos Tagmatarchis
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
Università degli Studi di Trieste Università degli Studi di Trieste
Piazzale Europa,Italy Piazzale Europa,Italy
R. Tenne
Barton Prorok
Department of Materials and Interfaces
Auburn University
Weizmann Institute
Auburn,Alabama
Rehovot,Israel
Eduard G. Rakov
J. Brock Thomas
D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical
University of Texas
Technology
Austin,Texas
Moscow,Russia
Yuri D. Tretyakov
Vijay I. Raman Moscow State University
Department of Materials Science and Moscow,Russia
Engineering,Drexel University
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Mustafa Urgen
Istanbul Technical University
Istanbul,Turkey
C.N.R. Rao
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced
Xiao-Hui Wang
Scientific Research
Tsinghua University
Bangalore,India
Beijing,China
Michiko Sato Thomas J. Webster
Purdue University Purdue University
West Lafayette,Indiana West Lafayette,Indiana
Karen I. Winey
Olga Shenderova
Department of Materials Science and
International Technology Center
Engineering
Research Triangle Park,North Carolina
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
S.R.P. Silva
Advanced Technology Institute
G. Yushin
University of Surrey
Department of Materials Science and
Guildford,United Kingdom
Engineering
Drexel University
Amit Singhal
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
NEI Corporation
Piscataway,New Jersey Hongzhou Zhang
Department of Electronic Materials
Ganesh Skandan Engineering
NEI Corporation Research School of Physical Sciences and
Piscataway,New Jersey Engineering
The Australian National University
Jonathan E. Spanier Canberra,Australia
Department of Materials Science and
Engineering J. Zhang
Drexel University Louisiana State University
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Baton Rouge,Louisiana
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
