Table Of ContentNanoindentation
of Natural Materials
Hierarchical and Functionally
Graded Microstructures
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Nanoindentation
of Natural Materials
Hierarchical and Functionally
Graded Microstructures
Arjun Dey
Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay
CRC Press
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My beloved wife, Manju, daughter, Roopkatha
(Brishti), and daughter, Sanjbati (Tutum)
—Anoop
My beloved mother, Minati, father, Dilip, wife,
Omprita, and son, Abahon (Mishuk)
—Arjun
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Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................xv
Authors .................................................................................................................xix
Contributors .......................................................................................................xxiii
Common Abbreviations ....................................................................................xxv
1. Basics of Hierarchical and Functionally Graded Structures
and Mechanical Characterization by Nanoindentation:
A Paradigm Shift for Nano/Microstructural Length Scale ....................1
Arjun Dey, Deeksha Porwal, Nilormi Biswas, Aniruddha Samanta,
Manjima Bhattacharya, Mohammed Adnan Hasan, A. K. Gupta,
and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay
1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................1
1.2 Some Truths and Interesting Facts .......................................................1
1.2.1 Bone: A Tough Hybrid Composite ............................................1
1.2.2 Teeth: A Hard but Tough Hybrid Functionally Graded
Composite .....................................................................................5
1.2.3 Shell and Scale: A Hard-Tough Layered Functionally
Graded Hybrid Composite .........................................................9
1.2.4 Hair Fiber: A Tough Hierarchical Layered Architecture .....11
1.2.5 Wonder of Mother Nature and Mimicking It ........................13
1.3 Mechanical Characterization by Nanoindentation:
A Paradigm Shift for Nano/Microstructural Length Scale............15
1.4 What Can Nanoindentation Do? ........................................................16
1.5 Hardness and Modulus: The Vital Properties of
Materials and Their Measurement Limitations at
Nano/Microstructural Length Scale .................................................16
1.6 Nanoindentation: A Boon for Mechanical Characterization
at the Scale of Microstructure .............................................................17
1.7 Basic Theory of Nanoindentation .......................................................18
1.8 The Need for Finite Element (FE) Modeling of Nanoindentation....21
1.9 Summary ................................................................................................23
References .......................................................................................................23
2. Nanoindentation of Bone: A Tough Hybrid Composite .......................27
Manjima Bhattacharya, Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay, and Arjun Dey
2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................27
2.2 Structure of Bone ..................................................................................27
vii
viii Contents
2.2.1 Structural Anisotropy at Different Length Scales ................28
2.3 Importance of Nanoindentation .........................................................30
2.4 Factors Influencing the Nanomechanical Properties
of Human Cortical Bone ......................................................................32
2.4.1 Influence of Location on Nanomechanical Properties
of Bone ...........................................................................................33
2.4.2 Influence of Direction of Orientation
on Nanomechanical Properties of Bone .................................38
2.4.3 Influence of the Density Variation on
the Nanomechanical Properties of Bone ................................43
2.4.4 Influence of Age on the Nanomechanical Properties
of Bone..........................................................................................45
2.4.5 Influence of Gender on the Nanomechanical
Properties of Bone .....................................................................49
2.4.6 Influence of State of Hydration on the Nanomechanical
Properties of Bone .....................................................................50
2.4.7 Influence of Experimental Conditions
on the Nanomechanical Properties of Bone ..........................50
2.5 Summary ................................................................................................54
References .......................................................................................................54
3. Nanoindentation of Teeth: A Hard but Tough Hybrid
Functionally Graded Composite................................................................59
Nilormi Biswas, Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay, and Arjun Dey
3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................59
3.2 Formation and Structure of Tooth ......................................................63
3.2.1 Formation and Structure of Enamel .......................................64
3.2.1.1 Differences between Enamel and HAp ....................66
3.2.2 Formation and Structure of Dentine and DEJ .......................66
3.3 Nanomechanical Property Evaluation of Tooth ...............................67
3.3.1 Nanomechanical Property Evaluation of Enamel Tissue ....68
3.3.1.1 Young’s Modulus and Hardness of Sound Enamel ...68
3.3.1.2 Young’s Modulus and Hardness of Carious Enamel ...68
3.3.1.3 Young’s Modulus and Hardness of Sound
Enamel in Terms of Age and Location .....................69
3.3.1.4 Young’s Modulus and Hardness
of Hypomineralized Enamel ......................................69
3.3.1.5 Effect of Bleaching on Nanomechanical
Property of Enamel ......................................................71
Contents ix
3.3.1.6 Effect of Flouride Treatment
on Nanomechanical Property of Enamel .................72
3.3.1.7 Dissolution and Erosion of Enamel ...........................72
3.3.2 Nanomechanical Property Evaluation of Dentine and DEJ ...73
3.3.2.1 E and H of Sound Dentine ..........................................73
3.3.2.2 E and H of Carious Dentine .......................................74
3.4 Summary ................................................................................................74
References .......................................................................................................75
4. Fracture Toughness of Enamel Region: Role of DEJ
and Modeling of Fracture Toughness ......................................................83
Nilormi Biswas, Arjun Dey, and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................83
4.2 Structural Hierarchy and Fracture Toughness .................................84
4.3 Role of DEJ ..............................................................................................88
4.4 Micro-mechanical Modeling for Prediction of Fracture
Toughness ...............................................................................................93
4.5 Summary ................................................................................................97
References .......................................................................................................97
5. Nanoindentation Creep of Enamel and Dentine Tissues ..................103
Nilormi Biswas, Latika Khurana, Arjun Dey,
and Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay
5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................103
5.2 Creep Behavior of Enamel .................................................................106
5.3 Creep Behavior of Dentine .................................................................113
5.4 Summary ..............................................................................................121
References .....................................................................................................122
6. Nanoindentation of Hair Fiber: A Tough Hierarchical
Layered Architecture .................................................................................125
Aniruddha Samanta, Manjima Bhattacharya,
Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Shekhar Nath, and Arjun Dey
6.1 Introduction .........................................................................................125
6.2 Nanomechanical Properties of Hair Fiber: What Literature Says ...129
6.3 Macromechanical and Nanotribological Properties
of Human Hair ....................................................................................131
6.4 Summary ..............................................................................................137
References .....................................................................................................138
