Nanofood and Internet of Nano Things: For the Next Generation of Agriculture and Food Sciences

181 Pages·2019·4.244 MB·English

by  Mirjana Maksimović, Enisa Omanović-Mikličanin, Almir Badnjević

Mirjana Maksimović
Enisa Omanović-Mikličanin
Almir Badnjević
Nanofood and
Internet of
Nano Things
For the Next Generation of Agriculture
and Food Sciences
Nanofood and Internet of Nano Things
ć
Mirjana Maksimovi
(cid:129)
ć č
Enisa Omanovi -Mikli anin
(cid:129)
ć
Almir Badnjevi
Nanofood and Internet
of Nano Things
For the Next Generation of Agriculture
and Food Sciences
123
Authors
Mirjana Maksimović EnisaOmanović-Mikličanin
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Agriculture and FoodScience
University of EastSarajevo University of Sarajevo
EastSarajevo, Bosniaand Herzegovina Sarajevo, BosniaandHerzegovina
Almir Badnjević
FacultyofEngineeringandNaturalSciences
International BurchUniversity
Sarajevo, BosniaandHerzegovina
Reviewers
Goran Stojanović,Ph.D. Vesna Vasić,Ph.D.
Faculty of Technical Sciences VinčaInstitute of Nuclear Sciences
University of NoviSad Belgrade, Serbia
NoviSad, Serbia
ISBN978-3-030-15053-2 ISBN978-3-030-15054-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15054-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019935480
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We dedicate this book to our families
and students
Mirjana Maksimović
Enisa Omanović-Mikličanin
Almir Badnjević
Preface
Fooddemands,intermsofquantityandquality,havebeenrisingremarkablydueto
increasing worldwide population. In order to respond to these demands, huge
investments have been done in the agriculture and food industry that face with
numerouschallengessuchasclimatechanges,urbanization,thelackofarableland
anddepletionofnaturalresources.Theinclusionofnoveltechnologicalapproaches
in the agri-food sector, such as nanotechnology, Internet of Things and Internet of
Nano Things, have resulted in the revolutionization of this sector, enabling to
produce more food using the same or less resources compared to the traditional
approach.
UnderstandingthefundamentalsofnanotechnologyandInternetofNanoThings
intheagri-foodsectorisquitechallenging.Therefore,thisbookaimstocontribute
to basic and applied knowledge in this field by promoting a better and more
accurate understanding of nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things utilization
in the agriculture and food industry. We have tried to emphasize as many benefits
and risks as possible of nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things in food
production, processing, packaging and distribution.
The book starts with the question “Is nanofood, food produced using nan-
otechnology techniques and tools during its cultivation, production, processing, or
packaging, food of our future?” The rest of the book presents a comprehensive
analysisofnanotechnologyandIoNTbenefitsandrisks,inordertorespondtothis
question.
Nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things are emergent disciplines that due
to their unique and attractive properties have become present in numerous appli-
cation domains. The benefits they bring in the agriculture and food industry are
astonishingandultimatelycontributetotheenhancedhumanhealth,well-beingand
life quality. The entire food supply chain has been modernized using nanotech-
nologyandInternetofNanoThings.Theprecisionfarmingpractices,real-timeand
remotemonitoringandfeedback,enhancedfoodproduction,quality,andsafetyare
the outcomes of the modern agri-food sector.
vii
viii Preface
Alongsidenovelsmartandinnovativeprocesses,devicesandproducts,anumber
of nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things—associated risks require special
attention and detailed analysis. Despite immense improvements in the agri-food
industry, nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things utilization introduce new
types of risks. Food safety aspects, nanotoxicity, nanomaterials release and expo-
sure,theirinfluenceonhumanhealth,andenvironment,privacyandsecurityissues
ofInternetofNanoThings,moralandethicalissues,andregulatoryframeworksare
subjects of intensive research. Giving the answers to these questions is crucial for
nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things to show their full potential in the
agri-food sector.
The possible solution for the creation of sustainable agriculture and food
industry is seen in the greener future, where nanotechnology and Internet of Nano
Things will be substituted with their greener alternatives. Green nanotechnology
and Green Internet of Nano Things undoubtedly present a big step forward to the
environmentally, economically and socially sustainable agri-food sector.
Still, the main obstacle for nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things
omnipresence in the agriculture and food industry is consumer acceptance, due to
knowledgegapsaboutpotentialrisksandalackofinternationallyagreedregulatory
frameworks. The significant progress regarding these issues can be expected in
years to come.
Based on the performed research and analysis of pros and cons, the end of the
book shows the SWOT analysis of nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things
usage in the agri-food industry. Despite numerous risks, the benefits these tech-
nologies bring in the food production are immense and surpass current disadvan-
tages.Wecanconcludethatnanofoodisthefoodofourfutureandwithtimeitwill
be more and more present on the market and consumers’ table.
This book is mainly intended for the academic world, scientists and engineers,
and students, who will find useful and worthy information about numerous inter-
esting aspects of nanotechnology and Internet of Nano Things appliance in the
agricultureandfoodindustry.Wehopethatthebookwillsignificantlycontributeto
the existing literature in this domain.
East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Mirjana Maksimović
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Enisa Omanović-Mikličanin
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Almir Badnjević
Contents
1 What Food Do We Want to Eat? Is Nanofood Food
of Our Future? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 How Technology Can Help? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Internet of Things (IoT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.1 Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 The Role of Nanotechnology and IoNT in Agriculture
and Food Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.1 Nanofood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.2 Plant Production and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4.3 Animal Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.4.4 Food Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4.5 Food Packaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.6 Food Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.4.7 Food Traceability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3 Is Nanofood Safe?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.1 Food Forensic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.1.1 Historical Development of Food Adulteration . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.1.2 Food Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1.3 Methods Used in Food Forensics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.2 Nanotoxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.2.1 Environmental Related Nano-Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.2.2 Human Health-Related Nano-Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2.3 Risk Assessment and Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
ix
x Contents
3.3 Regulatory Issues of Nanotechnology Use in the Agri-Food
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.1 Challenges for Regulating Nanotechnology Utilization
in Agriculture and Food Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4 Risks and Challenges of IoNT Applications in Agriculture
and Food Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4 Solution?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.1 Green Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.1.1 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.1.2 The Applications of Green Synthesized Nanomaterials. . . . 151
4.1.3 Risk Assessment and Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.1.4 Regulatory Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.2 Green IoNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.3 Solutions for IoNT Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Abbreviations
6LoWPAN IPv6 over low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks
AFLP Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
ASTM American Society of Testing Materials
BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access
CFIA Canadian Food Inspection Agency
CoAP Constrained Application Protocol
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DoS Denial-of-Service
EC European Commission
ECHA European Chemicals Agency
EEG Electroencephalography
EFSA European Food Safety Authority
EHS Environment, Health, and Safety
ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunisorbent Assay
EM Electromagnetic
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EU European Union
EWNS Engineered Water Nanostructures
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FINS Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing
FSMS Food Safety Management System
GAP Good Agricultural Practice
GHG Greenhouse gases
GHP Good Hygienic Practice
G-IoNT Green Internet of Nano Things
GIS Geographical Information System
xi