Table Of ContentNanoceramics in Clinical Use
From Materials to Applications
2nd Edition
RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Editor-in-Chief:
Professor Paul O’Brien FRS, University of Manchester, UK
Series Editors:
Professor Ralph Nuzzo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Professor Joao Rocha, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Professor Xiaogang Liu, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Honorary Series Editor:
Sir Harry Kroto FRS, University of Sussex, UK
Titles in the Series:
1: Nanotubes and Nanowires
2: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications
3: Nanocharacterisation
4: Atom Resolved Surface Reactions: Nanocatalysis
5: Biomimetic Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to
Applications
6: Nanofluidics: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
7: Bionanodesign: Following Nature’s Touch
8: Nano-Society: Pushing the Boundaries of Technology
9: Polymer-based Nanostructures: Medical Applications
10: Metallic and Molecular Interactions in Nanometer Layers, Pores and
Particles: New Findings at the Yoctolitre Level
11: Nanocasting: A Versatile Strategy for Creating Nanostructured Porous
Materials
12: Titanate and Titania Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
13: Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology
14: Nanotechnologies in Food
15: Unravelling Single Cell Genomics: Micro and Nanotools
16: Polymer Nanocomposites by Emulsion and Suspension
17: Phage Nanobiotechnology
18: Nanotubes and Nanowires, 2nd Edition
19: Nanostructured Catalysts: Transition Metal Oxides
20: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications, 2nd Edition
21: Biological Interactions with Surface Charge Biomaterials
22: Nanoporous Gold: From an Ancient Technology to a High-Tech Material
23: Nanoparticles in Anti-Microbial Materials: Use and Characterisation
24: M anipulation of Nanoscale Materials: An Introduction to
Nanoarchitectonics
25: T owards Efficient Designing of Safe Nanomaterials: Innovative Merge of
Computational Approaches and Experimental Techniques
26: Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites
27: Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
28: Nanoscience for the Conservation of Works of Art
29: Polymer Nanofibers: Building Blocks for Nanotechnology
30: Artificial Cilia
31: Nanodiamond
32: Nanofabrication and its Application in Renewable Energy
33: Semiconductor Quantum Dots: Organometallic and Inorganic Synthesis
34: Soft Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
35: Hierarchical Nanostructures for Energy Devices
36: Microfluidics for Medical Applications
37: Nanocharacterisation, 2nd Edition
38: Thermometry at the Nanoscale: Techniques and Selected Applications
39: Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications,
2nd Edition
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Nanoceramics in Clinical Use
From Materials to Applications
2nd Edition
María Vallet-Regí
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Email: [email protected]
Daniel Arcos Navarrete
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Email: [email protected]
RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology No. 39
Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-104-1
PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-255-0
ISSN: 1757-7136
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
© M. Vallet-Regí and D. Arcos Navarrete 2016
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Preface to the 1st Edition
The research on nanoceramics for biomedical applications responds to the
challenge of developing fully biocompatible implants, which exhibit bio-
logical responses at the nanometric scale in the same way that biogenic
materials do. Any current man-made implant is not fully biocompatible and
will always set off a foreign body reaction involving inflammatory response,
fibrous encapsulation, etc. For this reason, great efforts have been carried
out in developing new synthetic strategies that allow tailoring implants sur-
faces at the nanometric scale. The final aim is always to optimize the inter-
action at the tissue/implant interface at the nanoscale level, thus improving
the life’s quality of the patients with enhanced results and shorter rehabili-
tation periods.
The four chapters that constitute this book can be read as a whole or inde-
pendently of each other. In fact, the author’s purpose has been to write a
book useful for students of Biomaterials (by developing some basic concepts
of biomimetic nanoceramics), but also as a reference book for those spe-
cialists interested in specific topics of this field. At the beginning of each
chapter, the introduction provides insight on the corresponding developed
topic. In some cases, the different introductions deal with some common
topics. However, even at the risk of being reiterative, we have decided to
include some fundamental concepts in two or more chapters, thus allowing
the comprehension of each one independently.
Chapter 1 deals with the description of biological hard tissues in verte-
brates, from the point of view of mineralization processes. For this aim, the
concepts of hard tissues mineralization are applied to explain how Nature
works. This chapter finally provides an overview about the artificial alterna-
tives suitable to be used for mimicking Nature.
In Chapter 2 we introduce general considerations of solids reactivity, which
allows tailoring strategies aimed at obtaining apatites in the laboratory. These
RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology No. 39
Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications, 2nd Edition
By María Vallet-Regí and Daniel Arcos Navarrete
© M. Vallet-Regi and D. Arcos Navarrete 2016
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
Preface to the 1st Edition
viii
strategies must be modified and adapted in such a way that artificial carbon-
ated calcium deficient nanoapatites can be obtained resembling as much as
possible the biological apatites. For this purpose, a review on the synthesis
methods applied for apatite obtention are collected in the bibliography.
In Chapter 3 we have focused on the specific topic of hard tissue-related
biomimetism. To reach this goal, we have dealt with nanoceramics obtained
as a consequence of biomimetic processes. The reader will find information
about the main topics related with the most important bioactive materials
and the biomimetic apatites growth onto them. Concepts and valuable infor-
mation about the most widely used biomimetic solutions and biomimetism
evaluation methods are also included.
Finally, Chapter 4 reviews the current and potential clinical applications
of apatite-like biomimetic nanoceramics, intended as biomaterials for hard
tissue repair, therapy and diagnosis.
The authors wish to thank the Royal Society of Chemistry for the oppor-
tunity provided to write this book, as well as their comprehensive technical
support. Likewise, we want to express our greatest thanks to Dr Fernando
Conde, Pilar Cabañas and José Manuel Moreno for their assistance during
the elaboration of this manuscript. We are also thankful to Dr M. Colilla,
Dr M. Manzano, Dr B. Gónzalez and Dr A. J. Salinas for their valuable sugges-
tions and scientific discussions. Finally, we would like to express our deepest
gratitude to all our co-workers and colleagues that have contributed over the
years with their effort and thinking to these studies.
María Vallet-Regí
Daniel Arcos
Preface to the 2nd Edition
Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: from Materials to Applications arises as a revi-
sion of our previous book Biomimetic Nanoceramics in Clinical Use. This first
work tackled the biomedical applications of those nanoceramics that mimic
the mineral component of the bones (mainly nanoapatites) and also those
bioceramics that reproduce the bone mineralization processes after being
implanted in vivo, such as some calcium phosphates and bioactive glasses.
Over recent years, new nanoceramics have been added to the arsenal of bio-
materials available for applications in bone tissue regeneration. Moreover,
the incorporation of supramolecular chemistry to the low-temperature
synthesis of bioceramics has expanded their concept beyond “materials of
ceramic origin of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension)
between 1 and 100 nm”. The addition of structure-directing agents allows
for the design of patterns, porosities and textures at the nanometrical scale
in the macro-objects, thus significantly changing their in vivo behavior. Of
course, these nanostructures can also be tailored over nanoparticles, which
represent a revolution in the therapeutic field of nanomedicine as well as
new diagnosis agents.
In view of this new scenario, we have felt impelled to deal with all these
topics beyond the role that some nanoceramics play in biomineralization
skeletal processes. For these reason the title has been changed and expanded
to Nanoceramics in Clinical use: from Materials to Applications and incorpo-
rates three new chapters to the already existing, but revised, ones of the pre-
vious volume. Therefore this work is addressed to the same readership but
in a more ambitious way, adapting its contents to the requirements of the
under- and post-graduate subject “nanoparticles in biomedicine” implanted
in different universities all over the world.
RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology No. 39
Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications, 2nd Edition
By María Vallet-Regí and Daniel Arcos Navarrete
© M. Vallet-Regi and D. Arcos Navarrete 2016
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
ix
Preface to the 2nd Edition
x
The authors thank the Royal Society of Chemistry for the proposal to carry
out this project, as well as José Manuel Moreno, Pilar Cabañas and Fernando
Conde for their assistance during the elaboration of this book. Finally, we
would like to express our deepest gratitude to all our coworkers and col-
leagues who have contributed to these studies over the years with their effort
and thinking.
María Vallet-Regí
Daniel Arcos
