Nanocellulose in Paper and Board

77 Pages·2011·0.548 MB·English

by  Pira International Ltd, Pratima Bajpai

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Nanocellulose in Paper and Board
this e-book covers the most recent scientific and technical
advances in the area of nanocellulose in paper and board
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Nanocellulose in Paper and Board
Pira Business Intelligence
Pratima Bajpai
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table of contents
3 4
Executive Summary Raw Materials and Production Processes Applications
Sources of Nanocellulose Paper and Board
4wood 4improved Properties and New Paper Grades
4agricultural crops and By-products 4coating applications
4Bacterial cellulose 4Surface Strength agent to reduce linting
4animal cellulose 4Packaging material
Production of Nanocellulose High-Strength Biocomposites
1Introduction and Methodology 4chemical Delignification 4Patents on the Use of Nanocellulose as reinforcement in
introduction 4refining and High-pressure Homogenization composites
objective 4cryocrushing
methodology 4Grinding
Glossary 4Pretreatment
abbreviations 4chemicals
4enzymes
Preparation and Properties of microfibrillated cellulose Films
5
characterization methods Future Trends
4Nanoindentation techniques
4microscopy characterization
4X-ray Diffractometry
2 Developments in Nanocellulose 4tensile tests
6
overview 4electrical conductivity References
Structure of cellulose 4transparency measurements
4Dimensions of Nanocellulose 4thermomechanical analysis
Structure and Properties of Nanocellulose 4rheological Behavior of Suspensions
Drivers for Development Surface modification to improve Properties
4commercialization opportunities carboxylation List of Tables and Figures
4commercialization Barriers Grafting
acetylation/alkylation
Silylation
Surfactants
treatment with Polyelectrolytes
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paper > e-book > nanocellulose in paper and board
Executive Summary
this report covers the latest scientific and technical advances in the biopolymers on earth, occurring in wood, cotton, hemp and other
area of nanocellulose in Paper and Board, providing information plant-based materials and serving as the dominant reinforcing cellulose and
on: 1) recent developments in nanocellulose, 2) the structure and phase in plant structures. cellulose is also synthesized by algae, lignocellulose have
properties of nanocellulose, 3) raw materials for the production of tunicates, and some bacteria. Despite its relative chemical
great potential
nanocellulose, 4) methods for the production of nanocellulose, 5) simplicity, the physical and morphological structure of native
as nanomaterials
characterization methods of nanocellulose, 6) surface treatment to cellulose in higher plants is complex and heterogeneous.
because they are
improve properties, 7) application in paper and board and high- Furthermore, cellulose molecules are intimately associated with
strength composites, and 8) future trends. other polysaccharides and lignin in plant cell walls, resulting in abundant and
even more complex morphologies. renewable, have
Nanotechnology is an emerging area of science and technology a nanofibrillar
that will revolutionize materials use in the 21st century. the cellulose nanofibers can be extracted from various plant sources,
structure,
relatively unsophisticated technologies on which we currently and although the mechanical separation of plant fibers into
can be made
depend will be replaced by highly efficient and environmentally smaller elementary constituents has typically required high energy
multifunctional,
friendly nanotechnologies. the discovery of novel materials, input, chemical and/or enzymatic fiber pretreatments have been
and self-assemble
processes, and phenomena at the nanoscale, along with the developed to overcome this problem. a challenge associated with
development of new experimental and theoretical techniques using nanocellulose in composites is the lack of compatibility with into well-defined
for research provide fresh opportunities for the development of hydrophobic polymers; various chemical modification methods to architectures.
innovative nanosystems and nanostructured materials. address this hurdle are being explored.
Nanotechnology is important because it 1) is faster and requires the structure and properties of nanocellulose that are important
less space, less material, and less energy, 2) novel properties and include: morphology, crystalline structure, surface properties,
phenomena and 3) most efficient length scale for manufacturing. chemical and physical properties, and properties in liquid
thus, nanotechnology has found an immediate spot on the suspension. information about the shape, mean size, and
agendas of policy makers and industry leaders. distribution of size of cellulosic nanoparticles can be obtained
using transmission electron microscopy (tem), scanning electron
cellulose and lignocellulose have great potential as nanomaterials microscopy (Sem), atomic force microscopy (aFm), or light
because they are abundant and renewable, have a nanofibrillar scattering.
structure, can be made multifunctional, and self-assemble into
well-defined architectures. cellulose is one of the most abundant Nanocellulose has intriguing properties and uses. it has high
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paper > e-book > nanocellulose in paper and board
Executive Summary
strength and modulus as well as high aspect (length to width) with such potential, the nanofiber paper could play a similar—or
ratio, and it exhibits the property of certain gels or fluids that are greater—role than conventional paper in information storage and
thick (viscous) under normal conditions but that flow (becoming transfer for the next millennium as well. Nanocellulose may be also
thin, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated, or otherwise useful as a wet-end additive to enhance retention and in coating
stressed. the papermaking industry can benefit greatly from and packaging applications. the opportunities for packaging
nanotechnology. companies to harness this technology are great, with applications
including improved barrier films of that weigh less. Because
recent tests have shown that nanocellulose particles or nanocellulose can form transparent films that resist acid and fat,
nanofibrillated cellulose added to paper increases the paper’s the material could replace petroleum-based plastics and aluminum
strength; the potential to use cellulose nanofibrils as a strength- in food packaging.
reinforcing agent has also been demonstrated. the nanofibrils
are used with a cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(amideamine) cellulose micro/nanofibril as a reinforcing material for composites
epichlorohydrin (Pae), to enhance paper strength. it was found is becoming more and more attractive to researchers in composite
that the use of nanofibrils as a strength-reinforcing agent together science because of its light weight and high strength. Brand-
with Pae leads to superior improvements in strength properties. the new high-strength composites have been manufactured using
inception of a new kind of paper made of cellulose nanofibers, as microfibrillated cellulose derived from kraft pulp. Nanofibers
opposed to micrometer-sized cellulose pulp fibers of ordinary paper exhibit great potential as reinforcement material for optically
has been reported. Nanopapers of different porosities and from transparent composites. Polymer/nanofibers matrix with a
nanofibrils of different molar mass have been prepared. the high nanofiber reinforcement content of even 10% in 90% PVa
toughness of highly porous nanopaper is related to the nanofibrillar provide a remarkable reinforcing potential. the strength of the
network structure and high mechanical nanofibril performance. composites reinforced with nanofibers is equivalent to that of
mild steel or magnesium alloy. (in fact, in the manufacture of
the superiority of nanopaper is likely to be caused by higher automobiles, replacing alloys with lighter-weight microfibrillated
fibril strength, more favorable interfibril adhesion characteristics, cellulose can substantially reduce automobile weight.) However,
and much smaller and more homogeneously distributed defects the use of biopolymers has been limited because of their usually
(voids). more stable mass production of the nanofibers can be poor mechanical and barrier properties, which may be improved
realized because fibrillation methods are applicable to any natural by adding reinforcing compounds (fillers) to form composites.
fiber resource containing lignin such as flax, sugarcane bagasse, Nanoparticles have a proportionally larger surface area than
and wheat straw, in addition to woody lignocelluosic materials. their microscale counterparts, which favors the filler-matrix
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Executive Summary
interactions and the performance of the resulting material. Besides efficient manner than is achieved in conventional micro- or macro-
nanoreinforcements, nanoparticles can have other functions composite materials. Packaging is one area that could benefit
when added to a polymer, such as antimicrobial activity, enzyme from the use of nanocellulose-reinforced polymer films, as it is
immobilization and biosensing. Nanocomposite edible films possible to produce such films with high transparency and with
have been developed by adding cellulose nanofibers in different improved oxygen-barrier properties. a high oxygen barrier is often a
concentrations as nanoreinforcement to such substances as mango- requirement for food and pharmaceuticals packaging applications;
puree-based edible films and chitosan films. such barriers may be the key to capturing new markets. the
electronic device industry is another sector that could benefit from
FPinnovations has been studying nanocellulose for the last few using mFc as well: the low thermal expansion of nanocellulosics
years and has developed a process to make nanocrystalline combined with high strength, high modulus and transparency make
cellulose (Ncc) in several forms: powder, gel, suspension, filament them a potential reinforcing material in roll-to-roll technologies
and film. a commercial-scale one tonne per day demonstration (e.g., for fabricating flexible displays, solar cells, electronic paper,
plant is under construction at Domtar’s windsor pulp facility. the panel sensors and actuators). the high number of reactive hydroxyl
research company innventia in Stockholm, Sweden is also building groups on the surface of cellulose also provides the possibility for
a pilot plant for manufacturing nanocellulose on a large scale. fabricating a wide range of functionalized mFc-based materials for
the commercial production of nanocellulose as a strengthening future advanced applications.
component in paper is expected to begin within five years,
and nanocellulose-based barrier films could be manufactured although there have been many promising achievements at the
commercially within 10 years. laboratory or pilot scale, there are several challenges to overcome
before successfully producing cellulose-based nanocomposites at
Development of nanocomposites based on nanocellulosic materials the industrial scale. one major obstacle to commercialization of
is a rather new and rapidly evolving research area. cellulose is mFc is the high energy consumption involved in the mechanical
abundant in nature, biodegradable and relatively cheap, and it disintegration of the fibers into nanofibers, often requiring several
is a promising nanoscale reinforcement material for polymers. passes through the disintegration device. However, by combining
the combination of biodegradable cellulose and biodegradable the mechanical treatment with certain pretreatments (e.g., chemical
renewable polymers is particularly attractive from an environmental or enzyme treatments), researchers have shown that it may be
point of view. Furthermore, the application of nanocellulosic possible to decrease energy consumption significantly.
fillers such as microfibrillated cellulose (mFc) improves polymer
mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) in a more in order to achieve improved mechanical properties in polymer
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Executive Summary
nanocomposites, good filler-matrix interaction is essential.
Because of compatibility problems of nanocellulosic materials and
hydrophobic matrices, it seems likely that nanocomposites based
on hydrophilic matrix polymers will be easier to commercialize.
the improvement of compatibility with apolar materials, on the
other hand, requires chemical modification of nanocelluloses.
although a number of studies have been aimed at chemical
modification of nanocellulose, there is as yet no industrially
practical way to produce cellulose nanocomposites based on
hydrophobic biopolymers. consequently, more research targeting
novel, environmentally friendly methods of modification, as well as
an understanding of the mechanism of reactions occurring at the
cellulose nanofiber polymer matrix interface, is now required.
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