Table Of ContentEditedby
MartinH.G.Prechtl
NanocatalysisinIonicLiquids
EditedbyMartinH.G.Prechtl
Nanocatalysis in Ionic Liquids
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V
Contents
ListofContributors XI
Preface XV
Foreword XIX
SymbolsandAbbreviations XXI
PartI Synthesis,Characterization,andEvaluationof
NanocatalystsinIonicLiquids 1
1 Fe,Ru,andOsNanoparticles 3
MadhuKaushik,YutingFeng,NathanielBoyce,andAudreyMoores
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 SynthesisofFe,Ru,andOsNPsinILs 4
1.2.1 SynthesisviaReductionofMetalPrecursorsorLigands 6
1.2.2 SynthesisviaDecompositionofMetalPrecursors 7
1.2.3 TheUseofAdditionalStabilizersandFunctionalILs 8
1.3 IonicLiquidStabilizationofMetalNanoparticles 9
1.3.1 IonicLiquidProperties 9
1.3.2 MolecularAspectsofIonicLiquidStabilizationofMetal
Nanoparticles 10
1.4 ApplicationsofRu,Fe,andOsNanoparticlestoCatalysis 11
1.4.1 ApplicationsofRuNPsinILstoCatalysis 12
1.4.1.1 HydrogenationofOlefins 12
1.4.1.2 HydrogenationofArenes 16
1.4.1.3 OtherTypesofHydrogenations 17
1.4.1.4 BiomassConversion 18
1.4.1.5 MiscellaneousReactions 20
1.4.2 ApplicationsofFeNanoparticlestoCatalysis 20
1.5 Conclusion 21
Acknowledgments 21
References 21
VI Contents
2 Co,Rh,andIrNanoparticles 25
JacksonD.ScholtenandMuhammadI.Qadir
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 ChemicalRoutesfortheSynthesisofMetalNPsinILs 26
2.2.1 ChemicalReduction 26
2.2.2 Thermal/MicrowaveDecomposition 29
2.3 CatalyticApplicationofMetalNPsinILs 31
2.3.1 HydrogenationReaction 31
2.3.2 MiscellaneousReactions 34
2.4 Conclusions 37
References 37
3 NiandPtNanoparticles 41
CarlaWeberScheeren
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 SynthesisandCharacterizationofPtNPsinILs 42
3.3 CatalyticApplicationsofPtNPsinILs 47
3.4 SynthesisandCharacterizationofNiNPsinILs 48
3.5 CatalyticApplicationsofNiNPsinILs 53
3.6 SummaryandConclusions 58
SymbolsandAbbreviations 59
CharacterizationMethods 59
IonicLiquids 59
References 59
4 PdNanoparticlesforCouplingReactionsandDomino/Tandem
Reactions 63
AnnaM.Trzeciak
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 FormationofPdNPsinILs 65
4.3 TheHeckCoupling 68
4.4 TheSuzukiReaction 74
4.5 TheStilleCoupling 75
4.6 TheSonogashiraCoupling 76
4.7 SummaryandConclusions 78
Acknowledgments 79
References 79
5 SolublePdNanoparticlesforCatalyticHydrogenation 83
RanZhangandZhenshanHou
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 SynthesisofPdNanoparticlesinILs 85
5.2.1 ReductionofPdNPsinILs 86
5.2.2 TypeofMetalPrecursor 87
Contents VII
5.2.3 ReducingAgentsandIonicLiquids 87
5.3 PdNanoparticlesforHydrogenation 88
5.3.1 HydrogenationofAlkene,Alkynes,andDienes 88
5.3.2 HydrogenationofAldehydesandAromaticNitro
Compounds 90
5.3.3 HydrogenationofPhenols 91
5.3.4 HydrogenationofKetones 91
5.3.5 HydrogenationofBiomass 92
5.4 SummaryandConclusions 93
IonicLiquidAbbreviations 93
References 94
6 Au,Ag,andCuNanostructures 97
AbhinandanBanerjeeandRobertW.J.Scott
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 AuNPsinthePresenceofILs 98
6.2.1 EarlyExamplesandChemicalSynthesisProtocols 98
6.2.2 AdvancesinIL-PhaseAuNPSynthesis:PhysicalMethods 102
6.2.3 ElectrochemicalApplicationsofAuNP/ILComposites 104
6.2.4 AuNP/ILCompositesinSensing 104
6.2.5 MiscellaneousApplicationsofAuNP/ILComposites 105
6.3 CatalyticApplicationsofAuNP/ILComposites 106
6.4 AgNPsinthePresenceofILs 108
6.4.1 NovelApproachesforIL-PhaseSynthesisofAgNPs 108
6.4.2 IL-PhaseAgNPsforSensors 110
6.4.3 PlasmonicNanocatalysiswithAgNPsinILs 111
6.4.4 Anti-pathogenicApplicationsofAgNPsinILs 112
6.5 CuNPsinthePresenceofILs 113
6.5.1 SynthesisofIL-PhaseCuNPsforMiscellaneousApplications 113
6.5.2 CatalysiswithIL-PhaseCuNPs 116
6.6 SummaryandConclusions 118
Acronyms 119
References 119
7 BimetallicNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids:SynthesisandCatalytic
Applications 125
IsabelleFavier,EmmanuelleTeuma,andMontserratGómez
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 SynthesisofBimetallicNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids 127
7.2.1 Bottom-UpMethodologies 127
7.2.1.1 ChemicalReduction 127
7.2.1.2 ThermalDecomposition 132
7.2.1.3 ElectrochemicalMethods 134
7.2.2 Top-DownMethodology 135
VIII Contents
7.3 ApplicationsinCatalysis 137
7.3.1 ReactionsunderHydrogenPressure:
Hydrogenation–Hydrogenolysis–Dehalogenation 137
7.3.1.1 HydrogenationReactions 137
7.3.1.2 HydrogenolysisReactions 140
7.3.1.3 DehalogenationReactions 140
7.3.2 Oxidation 141
7.4 SummaryandOutlook 143
Acknowledgments 144
References 144
8 SynthesisandApplicationofMetalNanoparticleCatalystsinIonic
LiquidMediausingMetalCarbonylComplexesasPrecursors 147
RaquelMarcosEstebanandChristophJaniak
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 MetalCarbonyls–Synthesis,Structure,andBonding 150
8.3 MetalCarbonylsfortheSynthesisofMetalNanoparticles
(M-NPs) 152
8.3.1 SynthesisinIonicLiquids 153
8.3.2 SynthesisinILswithDepositiononSupport 157
8.4 CatalyticApplicationsofMetalNanoparticlesfromMetalCarbonyls
inILs 160
8.5 Conclusions 163
Acknowledgment 164
References 164
9 Top-DownSynthesisMethodsforNanoscaleCatalysts 171
TsukasaTorimoto,TatsuyaKameyama,andSusumuKuwabata
9.1 Introduction 171
9.2 SputterDepositionofMetalsinRTILs 172
9.2.1 UniformlyDispersedNanoparticlesinRTILsviaSputterDeposition
ofaSingleElement 172
9.2.2 SynthesisMechanismofNanoparticlesviaRTIL/Metal
Sputtering 178
9.2.3 PreparationofAlloyNanoparticlesandControlofTheir
Composition 182
9.2.4 SequentialSputterDepositionforSynthesizingNanocomposite
Particles 185
9.2.5 FilmPreparationontheSurfacesofRTILs 186
9.2.6 ImmobilizationofNanoparticlesSputter-DepositedinRTILs 187
9.2.7 Application/PlasmonicMaterials 189
9.2.8 Application/PhotoluminescenceMaterials 192
9.2.9 Application/Electrocatalysts 192
9.2.10 Application/CatalystsforOrganicSyntheses 195
Contents IX
9.3 ThermalVaporDepositiononRTILsforPreparationofMetal
Nanoparticles 196
9.4 Laser-InducedDownsizingandAblationofMaterials 197
9.5 PreparationofSingleCrystalsbyVaporDepositionontoRTILs 199
9.6 Conclusion 202
References 203
10 ElectrochemicalPreparationofMetalNanoparticlesinIonic
Liquids 207
YasushiKatayama
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 BasicsofElectrodeposition 208
10.3 ElectrodepositionofSilverandFormationofSilverNanoparticlesin
IonicLiquids 210
10.4 ElectrochemicalFormationoftheNanoparticlesofVarious
Metals 215
10.4.1 Iron,Cobalt,andNickel 215
10.4.2 Palladium 218
10.4.3 Gold 220
10.4.4 Platinum 222
10.5 SummaryandConclusions 225
References 227
PartII PerspectivesforApplicationofNanocatalystsinIonic
Liquids 231
11 TailoringBiomassConversionsusingIonicLiquidImmobilizedMetal
Nanoparticles 233
SrinidhiNarayanan,JiaguangZhang,andNingYan
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 Cellulose 234
11.3 Lignin 238
11.4 FattyAcidandItsDerivatives 241
11.5 OtherBiomassSubstrates 243
11.6 Conclusion 245
References 245
12 NanoparticlesonSupportedIonicLiquidPhases–Opportunitiesfor
ApplicationinCatalysis 249
PedroMigowski,KylieL.Luska,andWalterLeitner
12.1 Introduction 249
12.2 SynthesisofSupportedIonicLiquidPhases(SILPs) 250
12.3 NanoparticlesImmobilizedontoSupportedIonicLiquidPhases
(NPs@SILPs) 252
12.3.1 NanoparticlesSupportedontoPhysisorbedSILPs 254
X Contents
12.3.2 NanoparticlesSupportedontoChemisorbedSILPs 255
12.4 CatalyticApplicationsofNPs@SILPs 256
12.4.1 C–CCoupling 257
12.4.1.1 NonfunctionalizedILs 257
12.4.1.2 FunctionalizedILs 259
12.4.2 Hydrogenation 262
12.4.2.1 NonfunctionalizedILs 262
12.4.2.2 FunctionalizedILs 264
12.5 SummaryandConclusions 268
Acknowledgments 269
References 269
13 Photovoltaic,PhotocatalyticApplication,andWaterSplitting 275
AdrianoF.Feil,HebertonWender,andRenatoV.Gonçalves
13.1 Introduction 275
13.2 PhotovoltaicCells 276
13.2.1 WorkingPrinciplesofaDSSC 276
13.2.2 ILsinPhotovoltaicCells 277
13.3 PhotocatalyticProcesses 281
13.3.1 PrinciplesofPhotocatalysis 281
13.3.2 ILsinPhotocatalysis 282
13.4 WaterSplitting 285
13.4.1 PrinciplesofPhotocatalyticandPhotoelectrochemicalWater
Splitting 286
13.4.2 NanostructuredSemiconductorforPhotocatalyticWS
Reaction 287
13.4.3 NanostructuredSemiconductorforthePECWSReaction 289
13.5 SummaryandConclusions 291
References 292
Index 295
