Nanobiotechnology: Inorganic Nanoparticles vs Organic Nanoparticles

509 Pages·2012·16.267 MB·2-520\509

by  Jesus M. de la Fuente and V. Grazu (Eds.)

FRONTIERS OF NANOSCIENCE
Series Editor: Richard E. Palmer
The Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory,
The School of Physics and Astronomy,
The University of Birmingham, UK
Vol. 1 Nanostructured Materials edited by
Gerhard Wilde
Vol. 2 Atomic and Molecular Manipulation edited by
Andrew J. Mayne and Ge´rald Dujardin
Vol. 3 Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoalloys edited by
Roy L. Johnston and J.P. Wilcoxon
Vol. 4 Nanobiotechnology edited by
Jesus M. de la Fuente and V. Grazu
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Contributors
NumbersinParenthesesindicatethepagesonwhichtheauthor’scontributionsbegin.
David Alcantara (269), Center for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging,
Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
Pilar Batalla (247), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
University ofAlcala´, Alcala´ de Henares, Madrid, Spain
CatherineC.Berry(159),CentreforCellEngineering,GlasgowUniversity,Glasgow,
United Kingdom
Susana Carregal-Romero (181), Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universita¨t Marburg,
Marburg, Germany
Amparo Casal (443), SOD Medicina del Lavoro, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria
Carreggi, Florence,Italy
Roc´ıo Costo (35), Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/Sor Juana
Ines delaCruz, Cantoblanco,28049Madrid,Spain
PablodelPino(3,309), NanotherapyandNanodiagnosticsGroup(GN2),Institutode
NanocienciadeArago´n,UniversidaddeZaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillor
s/n, Campus RioEbro, Zaragoza,Spain
Pedro M. Enriquez-Navas (233), Bionand-Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y
Biotecnolog´ıa,ParqueTecnolo´gicodeAndaluc´ıa,Malaga,Spain
HeleneFeracci(197),CentredeRecherchePaulPascal,CNRSUPR8641,Universite´
Bordeaux 1,Pessac, France
Maria L. Garcia-Martin (233), Bionand-Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y
Biotecnolog´ıa,ParqueTecnolo´gicodeAndaluc´ıa,Malaga,Spain
Isabel Segura Gil (197), Instituto de Nanociencia de Arago´n, Universidad de
Zaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillors/n,CampusRioEbro,Zaragoza,Spain
Pilar Rivera_Gil (181), Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universita¨t Marburg, Marburg,
Germany
IgnasiGispert(487),ResearcherattheInstituteforLawandTechnology(Universitat
Auto`noma de Barcelona) and Advisor of the Legal Observatory of the Center for
NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) at the Catalan Institute of Nanotech-
nology (ICN).Barcelona, Spain
A´frica Gonza´lez-Ferna´ndez (443), Immunology, Biomedical Research Centre
(CINBIO),UniversityofVigo,CampusLagoasMarcosende,Vigo,Spain
xiii
xiv Contributors
Valeria Grazu´ (337), Nanotherapy and Nanodiagnostics Group (GN2), Instituto de
NanocienciadeArago´n,UniversidaddeZaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillor
s/n,Campus Rio Ebro,Zaragoza,Spain
Berta Saez Gutierrez (197), Instituto de Nanociencia de Arago´n, Universidad de
Zaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillors/n,CampusRioEbro,Zaragoza,Spain
and Instituto Aragones de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida de Alcalde Go´mez
Laguna,25,Zaragoza, Spain
RaimoHartmann(181),FachbereichPhysik,PhilippsUniversita¨tMarburg,Marburg,
Germany
WilliamHempel(197),BiosystemsInternational,1ruePierreFontaine,Evry,France
NikoHildebrandt(291),Universite´ Paris-Sud,Institutd’ElectroniqueFondamentale,
Orsay,France
Zongwen Jin (291), Universite´ Paris-Sud, Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale,
Orsay,France
Lee Josephson (269), Center for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging,
Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
TamaraLozano(443),Immunology,BiomedicalResearchCentre(CINBIO),University
ofVigo,CampusLagoasMarcosende,Vigo,Spain
Mar´ıadelPuertoMorales(35),InstitutodeCienciasdeMaterialesdeMadrid,CSIC,
C/SorJuana Inesde laCruz,Cantoblanco,28049Madrid, Spain
Mar´ıa Moros (337), Nanotherapy and Nanodiagnostics Group (GN2), Instituto de
NanocienciadeArago´n,UniversidaddeZaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillor
s/n,Campus Rio Ebro,Zaragoza,Spain
Sergio E. Moya (115), CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramo´n, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa,
Spain
Wolfgang J. Parak (181), Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universita¨t Marburg,
Marburg,Germany
Beatriz Pelaz (3, 309), Nanotherapy and Nanodiagnostics Group (GN2), Instituto de
NanocienciadeArago´n,UniversidaddeZaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillor
s/n,Campus Rio Ebro,Zaragoza,Spain
Mercedes Peleteiro (443), Immunology, Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO),
Universityof Vigo,Campus LagoasMarcosende, Vigo,Spain
Ce´cile Philippot (81), CEA Grenoble, INAC/SPrAM (UMR 5819 CEA-CNRS-UJF)/
LEMOH,Grenoble Cedex,France
Ester Polo (247), Nanotherapy and Nanodiagnostics Group (GN2), Instituto de
NanocienciadeArago´n,UniversidaddeZaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillor
s/n,Campus Rio Ebro,Zaragoza,Spain
Sara Puertas (247), Nanotherapy and Nanodiagnostics Group (GN2), Instituto de
NanocienciadeArago´n,UniversidaddeZaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillor
s/n,Campus Rio Ebro,Zaragoza,Spain
Contributors xv
PeterReiss(81),CEAGrenoble,INAC/SPrAM(UMR5819CEA-CNRS-UJF)/LEMOH,
GrenobleCedex,France
Javier Rojo (143), Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Qu´ımicas,
CSIC —Universidad deSevilla, Seville, Spain
GabrielaRomero(115),CICbiomaGUNE,PaseoMiramo´n,SanSebastian,Gipuzkoa,
Spain
ChristianSa´nchez-Espinel(337),NanoImmunoTechSL,Pza.FernandoConde,Montero
R´ıos9,36201Vigo,Spain
MacarenaSa´nchez-Navarro(143),GlycosystemsLaboratory,InstitutodeInvestiga-
ciones Qu´ımicas,CSIC —Universidad deSevilla, Seville, Spain
Gorka Salas (35), Institutode Ciencias de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/Sor Juana
Ines de la Cruz, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and IMDEA Nanociencia,
FacultaddeCiencias,Av.TomasyValiente7,Cantoblanco,28049Madrid,Spain
RosanaSimo´n-Va´zquez(443),Immunology,BiomedicalResearchCentre(CINBIO),
University ofVigo, CampusLagoas Marcosende,Vigo, Spain
Preface
During the past 20 years, the number of applications of nano- and microde-
vicesinthefieldsofbiotechnologyandbiomedicinehasbeenincreaseddras-
tically. Actually it is very common to find products in our laboratories based
on nanotechnology for applications such as cell separation, catalysis, sup-
ports, labeling, etc. In fact, during the past years, few nanosystems have been
approvedbyFDAtotheiruseascontrastagentsordrugdeliverydevices.From
allofthesenanodevicesdeveloped,themostpopularandmostusedareproba-
bly the nanoparticles. These nanoparticles could be based on organic or in-
organic materials or hybrid structures. But, what is the main reason why the
research focused in these nanoparticles has been developed so fast? Probably,
the main reason is the fast development of characterization techniques during
thepastyears.Newelectronicmicroscopes,moreprecise,withbetterresolution,
and easier to manipulate, have been developed to improve and simplify the
characterization of novel nanoparticles. DLS and Z-potential measurements
have been more and more popular during the past years with the availability
ofeconomicalandexcellentmachines.Allofthesemakeeasiertheproduction
andcharacterizationofthenewnanostructures,gettingabetterunderstandingof
the mechanisms that control the growing processes driving their formation.
Oncethesynthesisofdifferentsizesandshapesoforganicandinorganicnano-
particles has been understood and under control, the number of applications
grow very fast, mainly in the field of biotechnology.
Whicharethereasonswhythesenanoparticlesareveryinterestingforbio-
technological applications? There are a few aspects that we should take into
consideration. The first one is that these nanomaterials are in the same size
rangescaleasbiomolecules.Forthisreason, theycaninteractquitewellwith
them and we can control and intervene in biological processes. We should
also take into account the high specific surface that these nanoparticles have.
This specific surface allows the accommodation of a high concentration of
drugs or required molecules in them. In the case of inorganic nanoparticles,
duetotheirnanometricsize,nanoparticleshaveinterestingphysicalproperties
such as different fluorescent or magnetic properties. The use of these novel
properties has allowed the development of most sensitive and selective bio-
sensors, new therapy approaches, and also merge diagnosis and therapy in
the same device. Organic and inorganic nanoparticles can also be used as a
multifunctional scaffold allowing the incorporation of different biomolecules
totheirsurfaceorinsidehollownanoparticles toimprovethecrossingofbio-
logical membranes, for example. The increase of solubility or stability of
xvii
xviii Preface
biomolecules or drugs is also other of nanoparticle features most used to
develop new drug formulations. For these reasons, we thought it could be
interesting to publish a book focused in the last biotechnological applications
of nanoparticles. Taking into account the huge differences between organic
and inorganic nanoparticles, this book is oriented to describe the differences,
advantages, and disadvantages between both types of nanoparticles for their
useinbiotechnologicalapplications.Newdrugsanddiagnosistoolsarebeing
discovered using nanotechnology as base. Every year hundreds of new ideas
using nanomaterials are used for the development of biosensors. More and
more new enterprises are also searching for market opportunities using these
technologies. Nanomaterials world for biotechnological applications isa very
complex field. Thousands of different nanoparticles could be used for these
purposes. Some of them are very different; their synthesis, characterization,
and potentiality are very diverse. With this book, we have pretended to esta-
blish a route guide for nonerudite researchers in the field showing the
advantages and disadvantages of the different kind of nanomaterials.
Thisbookisdividedinto5partsincluding16chaptersencompassingfrom
thesynthesisandcharacterizationoforganicandinorganicnanoparticlestoall
different kinds of their applications in biotechnology and medicine. It begins
with a part devoted on the synthesis of nanoparticles. Chapter 1 is a revision
of the most used methods to prepare gold nanoparticles controlling their size
andtheirshape.Chapter2ismainlydevotedinthesynthesisandcharacteriza-
tion of magnetic nanoparticles. This chapter presents different methodologies
to prepare different size and shape magnetic nanoparticles and also a final
sectionorientedtotheconjugationoforganicmoleculestoimprovethecolloi-
dal stability of these nanoparticles. To finish with the synthesis of inorganic
nanoparticles, Chapter 3 is mainly focused on the synthesis of semiconductor
nanocrystals, the so-called quantum dots. Chapters 4 and 5 are up-to-date
reviews of literature on advances strategies for the synthesis of liposomes,
micelles, vesicles, polymers, and dendrimers searching for biotechnological
applications.
The next part of the book is oriented to present specific examples of
biotechnological applications of inorganic nanoparticles (Chapter 6) and
organic nanoparticles (Chapter 8). Both chapters present examples of the
useofnanoparticlesforDNAtransfection,organellelabeling,molecularinter-
actions,cellular separations,etc.Alltheseapplications aremainlyoriented to
cellular or molecular biology laboratories. Chapter 7 presents a practical
approachtogetabetterunderstandingofthemechanismsandalsotoquantify
the nanoparticle internalization in cells.
The next part is divided into four chapters, and it is mainly oriented to
reviewthedifferentapplicationsofnanoparticlesfordiagnosisandbiosensing,
including in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimentation. Two chapters are
oriented to present applications of magnetic nanoparticles by means of mag-
netic resonance technology. Chapter 9 is mainly focused on the application
Preface xix
of inorganic nanoparticles, mainly magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic reso-
nanceimagingtechniques.Agoodexplanationoftheadvantagesofsuperpar-
amagnetic nanoparticles instead Gd-based complexes for this application is
presented. Chapter 11, under the scope of diagnostics-biosensing, presents a
different approach based on the monitoring of aggregation of magnetic nano-
particles due to molecular recognition events to be used as biosensor. This
approach is called magnetic resonance switches. Two more chapters oriented
to describe different examples of nanoparticles as biosensors for in vitro
experimentation are also included. Chapter 10 is mainly focused on metallic
and metal oxide nanoparticles and Chapter 12 is mainly oriented to the use
of semiconductor nanocrystals.
Thelastpartorientedtopresentapplicationsofnanoparticlesisfocusedon
therapeutical approaches mainly oriented to cancer treatment. Both chapters
includedherearefromtheUniversityofZaragoza,andtheyareverycomplete
andupdatedreviewsontheuseofmetallic,metaloxide,andorganicnanopar-
ticles’ use of nanoparticles for hyperthermia treatment and drug delivery.
Chapter13explainsthephysicalpropertiesofmetaloxideandmetallicnano-
particles for their use in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal ablation.
It is a very interesting revision of the recent approaches using this kind of
noveltherapystrategytodestroyspecificallytumoralcells.Chapter14consti-
tutesaverycompleterevisionofthedifferentapproachestouseinorganicand
organic nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles. The first part of this chapter
makes a description of the different features that a nanoparticle should have
to be used for biomedical applications. The revision includes several options
totriggerthedrugsandwhatitisveryinteresting,severalexamplesofdevices
alreadyprobedandalreadyinthemarket.Thereareseveraltableswithallthe
most relevant nanosystems in the market for drug delivery.
We did notwantto end the book with a part oriented totoxicological and
regulatoryaspectsofthisnoveltechnologiesbasedonnanoparticles.Chapters
15 and 16 are mainly focused on these two important aspects.
Abooklikethisisimpossiblewithoutthesupportandeffortoftheauthors
who have taken time to submit their manuscripts even with their busy sched-
ules.We gratefullyacknowledge theofferofProf. R.Palmer toparticipatein
this book series and the support from Elsevier, in particular, Derek Coleman
and Susan Dennis, who have been working with us to make this book a
reality.
Jesus M. de la Fuente
Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon-ARAID, University of Zaragoza,
Zaragoza, Spain
Chapter 1
Synthesis Applications of Gold
Nanoparticles
Beatriz Pelaz and Pablo del Pino
NanotherapyandNanodiagnosticsGroup(GN2),InstitutodeNanocienciadeArago´n,Universidad
deZaragoza,EdificioIþD,MarianoEsquillors/n,CampusRioEbro,Zaragoza,Spain
1. INTRODUCTION
As bulk materials, the noble metal gold (Au) has been for centuries a
verypopularsubjectofstudyinscience.However,thetechnologicaldevelop-
mentofnanoscience(nanotechnology)hasrevolutionizedtheimpactofAuin
thescientificcommunityand,morerecently,inoursocietyintheformofvery
beneficial technological applications in fields such as materials science,
energy, and medicine. Currently, the development of new synthetic routes to
obtain Au colloids, complex multicomponent materials embedding Au col-
loids, and the following novel applications based on these materials are the
subjectsofworkformanyscientists;consequently,reportsrelatedtogoldcol-
loids, also referred to as Au nanoparticles or nanocrystals (GNPs), have
becomeveryprolificintheliterature.Furthermore,thepopularityofsynthetic
methods yielding GNPs with on-demand size, shape, structure (solid or hol-
low), coating, etc., continues growing exponentially; as the degree of control
tofabricatesuchstructuresevolves,newapplicationsbasedonthesematerials
can be explored. Photothermal therapy (PTT), photoacoustic (PA) imaging,
and surface-enhanced resonance spectroscopy (SERS) are examples of appli-
cations where NPs such as nanorods, hollow nanospheres, and nanostars,
among others, can act as transducers.
Amongmaterialscientists,theinterestingopticalfeaturesofGNPsaretheir
keytosuccess;ingeneral,photonscancoupletotheplasmaresonanceofthecon-
ductionelectronsatthesurfaceofmetallicNPstoproducetheircollectiveoscil-
lation, in a phenomenon usually referred as localized surface plasmon
resonance(LSPR).Indeed,theopticalpropertiesofmetallicNPsaremainlydic-
tated by surface plasmons. For NPs made of Au (noble metals in general), the
LSPRbandliesinthevisible-NIRpartofthespectrum;thepositionoftheLSPR
bandisdeterminedbyacombinationofNPattributessuchascomposition,size,
andshape,andalsobythedielectricenvironment.Theinteractionoflightwith
FrontiersofNanoscience,Vol.4.DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-415769-9.00001-7
#2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 3
4 FrontiersofNanoscience
Au nanocube
Branched Au
Au nanorod
Transverse Longitudinal
Au nanoprism
Au nanoshell
Au nanosphere
Plasmon energy (eV)
3.0 2.0 1.0 0
400 500 600 1000 3000 9000
SPR wavelength (nm)
FIGURE1.1 RangeofsurfaceplasmonresonancesofGNPsasafunctionoftheirshape(repro-
ducedfromTreguer-Delapierre).4
surfaceplasmonsatveryconfinedvolumeslikethatofAucolloidsiscurrently
beingexploredinfieldssuchasopticsandenergy.1–3
TheabilityfortuningthecolorofcolloidalsolutionsofGNPsbychanging
their size has been known for long time. However, in the past decade, a con-
sistent body of work has highlighted the fact that shape plays also a crucial
role in determining the optical properties of nanomaterials. Ultimately, the
energyconfinementofelectrons,holes,excitons,phonons,andplasmonswith
respect to the NPs shape is the reason for this observation. Colors can be
attributed to changes in surface plasmon resonance, energy at which light
couples to the surface plasmons of NPs (Figure 1.1).
Inthecontextofbiologyandmedicine,inadditiontothewidelyexplored
optical properties, GNPs exhibit two extra value properties which make them
the “stars” among a wide variety of NPs for bioapplications, that is, biocom-
patibility and ease of surface modification by a wide range of thiolated mol-
ecules. In summary, GNPs represent an ideal platform for many applications
inverydifferentareas.TheinterestonAuisreflectedbytheincreasingnum-
ber of publications related to GNPs in the past years (Figure 1.2A); the most
recent interest on anisotropic GNPs such as nanorods, nanoplates, branched
nanostructures, nanoprisms, or nanoshells can also be seen in Figure 1.2B.
2. ANCIENT USES OF GNPS
Throughouthumanhistory,goldhasbeenvaluedforitsbeautyandforitsresis-
tivity against corrosion; also, it was hammered into articles of jewelry. Gold
extraction started in the fifth millennium BC However, in contrast to the long