Table Of ContentVol. V4ol.V 4ol. 4 PanP SatnPa anSnftoa Srndtf aoSnredfor iSredes r Soieensr i teohsne otHhnie gt hhHe-iTg Hehci-ghThe o-cTfh eB coihof tBoeifco hBteniocothleoncgohylnooglyogy
Vol. 4 Pan Stanford SerieVso oluVnmo tlehVu eom4 lHuem ig4eh -4Tech of Biotechnology
The Tinhtee Trhienestt e irnients etfr ienisndt ifniingn dfriiennlgida ibnrelgel i arabenllieda bahlneig dha lnhydi g shhelniygs histleiyvn ess ietsnievsneits iosveresn ssfoeornrs s owfroasrt efwor raq twueara ltiqteuyr acqlioutyna tlirctooyln cthroaonsl trhoal s has Vol. 4 Pan Stanford Series on theV Holiugmh-eT e4ch of Biotechnology
growgnrT ohrwegecr neoi nnwrettnelcyr e,re netshtctl eeyin ,n qtt ulhyfee,i ns tqtdh uibene egqsitn u rgebe selftiiu anbebgell eeifnd ug aeb nlfyeud dt e hlhbeeiydg e htbxhlypye l toeshsexeinpo slenoix tsoipivfole onc s usiooetftnn ic nsouogftr- tscei undftggot-eri en twdgeg-aceehtd entgreo eclq ohtugneaicoelhilston ygso uilceocoshg ns ietaurssco hsl u ahcsah s as Volume 4
naThneon taeigncnrtohnoewnatreneoncslo ohtrt geneiciconeehl sonn,f gtioonliylpedo,ts igot,n hioegeelps e ,trqc oeotuelprieolatesnobtcei ltceblrse oe,ca inantnirngcdods nf, uhciacoeingslm,deh a dplcyn uo bdtmsy iecn ptonghums etoiti pnnievu gxtet hpi onelsnog eo s tnionhosneeno r htooshan fen ef codo hur na atetnwn idhnda ag tbane-ynerd d td haq gbneuey da i tnt lbiehctyceyr he tianhcnsooeciln rnoientggarc oisnreileen sae hgssda uin nsce ghe dna ese d
fogrr omfwoonnrrae mfrn oseooerct rcemeeunc orstheelrnye cc,o uostlrehonecegt urc ioeqroeslun , oe ctofrso potwn tlb toaoreetofiel nlew rgoc aq ftft urwueoarenal ilqitteceuydsr a, o bqlaniyutn y tadt hlho icetneo y o m teothxhnpepeu ltrooth. itsTnehih ogeoin rsto. h nbToeh oftr io.hcs Tke ubh thooitsiniog nbekhg olhh-iogeaikgdhn hghtdlsei i gag athnh enldticsug hb mhanyt bonste lhuaorem g n oiibunefe smcmr r sbeoouaedfc sremh iorn nofag dsm n eeorned de rn NNANNAANONOMOMAMTAAETTREERIARILAISAL LS S
tonpainctsoof tpoienirtcc ohmtsph noiieoncr ls efo t iihgsenelie dec ts fuho,i reeofel pd fbcti ioeooolnefsd tle bernoociosflt isronboefginno ,wis scpieansant,g resa,tir nin pcqdgauu ,rlc aatpoilrcaimltyurytp l iwaoucrntualiy tlnta ehgwrrel yoas ontewetn thrash eitsenree. g ronT ,ns hsiieeinnsn gh sbw,ai onhniongidkc , w hahin nhitg dihwch ebhlh iy sgit cithhghhten es ta shailin g enic snrus aeiemglan nsbihsiaena lreg n nio csnhfe eeadmenn, dohc deaednr,c ne d, NANOMATERIALS
ss(StcftssaEaootcraFtraptt )rtss(iime.tcSnttctss(iresaEgnaSootci rnrFat gErapiss(itten)gnSrfF tctiie.tr ncat gE)afsoirte.(srgrnF teiShmo trn(t )gciiiESeme.gnnnfu R Err ggsfr fioRS(tnreui sSmheo)S( gruf,EcSlemfr )d roR,aoi E(f sn fSncmaRSiouifnseEetc)Sfrru r,f-Rle af )ordsrbea,i-rSaf unl neice air)ooorfnd,ehnecf rfsff--daaahei e rneebw-c-rnaanfneneieecnrasrodhhnne-eaictsn-edaahhdreeeeneg-nnara dnnd e,hccnsn q shn-peeapciscuneahdedpneaeangnca edcrdlaht,tcsince tirbpaeatpdccsyorsedbnpuea soooc scedsrlcsaarottnpec ocprirbra edtcpoolttprsbycu hiispootoae tscleiiswrarsobnoeo cop rorss naposltpuo( ty tiicpShtsuoer( eoiiESpiwesnsroenpIEt ir snRagn.isiuI( oe RetA TSgsus(nenhpAE )Si srn ,silpI E) ui(saRig,nasSlIn ssaReAb ngaEimgsnnpoA )dnI,m,Rg lsoop d)aii,asA knlon n saunp sa)in mghsc,ruwldn i,mfai c ora gdahsisf snnonhc amtiussdicnre lctcruiuwoh -iregf csrcuena -hhsfu ttncceiattihucsrtrechnscft eruuh -aahreeas rcue c-nastse ttncnere icnsuhguthn-sue creuncueahdsmee rtancunas dseublhfh iccn srglesh feiau ecsnluradn sesou acuso a ecdrolh fescnsfe rlR u hsfiudehmslcaRca s oua ehcsfomaaernoln ee dnsmurcaRcns aeehoencaeRacsrsarden n ecmean,nRe smcaccnaeneaecmd nne,ac ne NANONANANONANNANO FFOFOFFOROROR R WWRN WW AAAWTATNAAETETOTREREER MR MMR MAM AAMTNANAEANRNAANGAIGAAAGEGELGMEMSEEM ME EMNENEENNTTNTTT
SarwetidneemnPe(Sarweth scSeetmRdnPoweehheEsc Rd-nrroeecnhFSarwetidaeteg -neeantrr)inmnPehtSarwetin ei.tqeghi sncnaeeentniRdmnehPehn owuiqeehhe srcncgnSarwetidg nRd-eeahn rrneuowcneeeeehcamn Pege tceg hn i-nah at nesrrl cienshfttnRdao aiecqiahatego(wcnnee hi eaen niefehLt ehlorn- unrieaaqnrra(crcocnineggngS aneleeLetegeal hdecnruedeatdroirc he t PgcShne n ilniqie a d cl endsesdefngrn odeR ae Paahchm(ciunebi o rrc sosggLfg elnredoRnr)eaeaa oame(ciof oei gS eo eol tocLheeli dcns)nrd feodal rpfoseef Pn dSooeeeas tleaa s (cdcdifs ddrgpcr edeRLtn p Pedlnrom nrebo oesa rodts orgecgSdeeldoRt) ptleoodcmiipfod odirr utoxe eio tPoeo e rsos)elf etoepipdfseigantuot d xdo Reens otisrms sb orfirhercpeomeeaaut tponnedo o nt)s oeosifrt iosier dcoiecmaoesutott lpno ostsipfeop.ipuxret ii ho neddicr ses sosnlsstesoipleprhaicStotu exn iht po en io rsosreihuseelt mihaiueSdatotoo si toneta lg ipvreosgiiihuixc.iiimso aunfosrsso sata epheg.t evrh ho aitot. icn sFisfnnsssaod lrlheepihnhSelmria u he iuo a t Fysdneu dsoglloansiiihSicossiai,e nru gas bve pd.g e uhgnr.a htiif ossa r sarhessge obwl vhhh gthSon e.itFe cfn dsarcl esheneuelehhiitp osiiuosaeu ayFcdg an dvgdctelagnrue.laps, friusluaahb uhmeyad hd nghpa trlur aiFr, snrle twdbsulmh n tnt holntpeltioruc aieeycredis teugwseah ntptsiotcuer,o ro mac tdbet cie hrruunee altpsciwlohrurufmoes e eatwdthptrl,roupreel iacw fo tldhssfceeument oetpp, hsloi trm ueie.i fa dd utsts ronuthictar aoomt ml htct.eunemPi rueop l lehirwchsoirfheoem cttotscnPnt,rdptoi e leo ih fwdeoesahfisrereooucnl i h,dcpt m re.oo moi fptfdasr rrohi nellia hiwaotomcetunfo.noePetpf cof ,ep hihs sahenia fdosuccsitgnntaPodci fol heetimrhs .sae hsr rmssigoctnla ihsid i melaeo otripc tftinaPsrmsr t onlioehsiia aohsmsuehnao tontiopcfcfa di n ioesnenaiiasonsiagaunsr narttnclafplie n r edno s eonptmdnefssitg ast drmpleitahoo tiriud nr t tdem sectfinohsair saimseafnehontistiigrfa apae n gn ileeonhdaraif nsf ea nmsttlapaapsi gt mn daedsntdt tdeinc rhlatpdriohp h aot sr iardasdreun tdeeanraeehrpien aidren fehornridfel rpao tegar pnaseertd e if aidfetde delabfopasii- dratrl g sadshodief bcro ereehlpbtlans -iil raitrefaedssaeuybofcdcop aeaeerlrhtepg dmf rdenr aloaeuy-o cdlaar saieter uteadsutm onevc dlbalo-sir h-p lar h sistrerbsutooeu et ovzlleotbaseeriu e-leheiisahydeosbcldeoloot enzfolar tsua t mein eehsaa d-y eleobcdsignf-ulolmuut bmerbovlne o dela-l t ghis buoymessuaoabtytrszoocdvols efu e ih l ihbsminc lesauaois-nt fiz sogeufaeu ueqeulietth diocvlrulerigin f ngnolhmeliusaeb fruqasto elt ddzror gua anbrcyoeellimahtfbeusarles edlniff co luaalai r biyac euao itde sio sg gieeefeoulclmqp itld braic rf uorli .oin n gele ebdy nefu rapqead tsdfsrre.faaorcnp rnT elled ttie prfcuaeui idie gcolheceioaleaprrcTtaqe toopt eorars eieneenureehlpccollid ftuaafs oeod.s eaos csaaeeedr c n ruepeitd emasef dsis.ttoprtTcco slei tdp na r ieoriim iaeow shctteelotunotooprTpced otpfasiriii.weeer ehcednnnn hnlgnoooo rtceseoseascso epreTreei n n n htgopmasdesesttethccsel t ioriiimawa sdsetternoootecseirsiiiew cs nnnnhgonoooicmadisttt nnnnhgoriiiw noooc innnnhgo MATERIALS FONOMATERIALSMATERIALS FOOMATERIALS FMATERIALS FO SSigigSnSniagiSalgn liAn gaAanlm mlaA pAlp mlAmilfipmifpcilcialpfiatiflcitiiocifaoiantcnit aoif otofnionor rf nB ofBo irfoi rooB srBsei oeBinosnisseosiennsinnesgsgni nfi snrfgiorgn omf gmrfor foN mrNmoa maNn nNo aoNsanstnaortounrsustocrcttsuruttuucrrcuteruetscusr t e ru esrs e s
in wdaeteter citsi nagd dlarregses ebdi otehnotritoiuegs.hly, with emphasis on the difficulties usually encountered in R FROR
detecting large bioentities. WO WR W
WestWerensW tSeecrosntIadaCt eblStceIadaoarbr acptcenlnaBro odaap dhaBerIadaCtSedrab,ahilntetc emcIadaCoermamdrKb in-atpotcmelnomaBomioGLr d -IadaCatapecldhAabABe rilGoe tcreud noaeca,aaiAhnrt be -rmapemurrl ntniamdtKBai-oTnitbdnd am rmtodhoiiemdGLes r-iBedunsec rAno,aA niionitGts u m nunslomecamdn AKicibh --trutt nuncliUtaoi oTiGLidhnu a b ecertotlcAUietA nrsdBiulsutadun n ,e naoniii nitb-se2lntlBomursot vNi tincihiTiiidrnt t20uc mneloUnoovoe i osuahBuse00rtliuce(nsnUnnirdsvtl tsuaU n7lo, e0riils ii ichinae2sdmslttaovuc 7.tNS Uaio iriiua0ye2e emnaol.tAvMH nanp or dl tr0yr 0i ,(seni)Hndi srviops eUe2 7m e,o0vriNo(s i a dfr osresa0U.taeS7n aSf o h o iyf i 0esraiA.ttM(sSHnonpfa has v sUuhyi7s etA)duH nrndoipaseas ear,he.tsSoa t) ufd d orioseysa e,nASfwh MHonhp usrofi Nest ognwa Sf) tdarhoeosurhisNie,ereotu mdnon s tf asrorieihaIsgSfre atuhkun oidnsisr eipstnewhtegonel asarkt usoNhuhs t tgva whetuddtelsosrsioheNre re r cmnv a tdutoirio nIuei (gnwoh ireaDck mnn IsrNnrpt im(esggmoael itDaks ehIoUi n trptvresd emmtnelpeaoreerhipI n rrtgcv aekd nnape naruo(eaptpoiie DcseleI srlvnthae mn nta(smev)oitdDstseeUIrol ,enr nim arsc ,e)m tpearree p Unu,n( rwiormiaseD anaIsepeeanrac pmiinswmsrn,erlevhttsnUaehe nrcae)itsysd,epearhe,rlvntph imnnai ,e) etre na erneae,taw or(iimsGaia sese rlvretEnrcncanifoew)rn,t ssehWtenshln , endccimahif ,uyEd ,reeh ttn lgh diwr shelaSudE y srnaedecetlo ( iGi ene, ialdhEt nncrnehad cnefPho( y Wnedilne vdttEnce cnghhiuhafE r drneagl nvt do( geGsoolhSdaueE)drlEnceelg f o ,-tso ia eltdW elncl ddbnelPho hhoupEo n-tiatvtge ecbgnhnahhpheeolmSdprdnedvetlee sogoi atepe iam)lrdceecn neeiPho,- t sot tnUc s)vlbtnon geUho hiapo,-t. rtdUce hen bnEnt hpesoomhopntH) l ehenie niEt ote,-htpetmivic nbe aiieevoinngho p teetUscsvin edenUaenihin pge m .r eUchnn eErct dvn sUi tnei Hr s coeneniuhinneai Evts ivitniUcsaeif ovne trreinigUanyes. tiviiryhrdnee faEtrvi nogyrnteieHn irc ervidsnneh ui onooitvrsiioeuniaaivr nvnggsheitusestffosefotdrreeiay i g er sitirfyrnercf v trsoyte i s ioyeurinahu noooitti eftrrgneyhsutffoo iryr ogetesiff nhu noogestff ATER MANR WATER MATER MANWATER MAATER MAN
researreWcsheer aesarstcceethrain vrCac itScohitcel ioosavr tciailttnaidienvvosoid tla,iiv entKes vL BolAiionlqv-uvueTole idldlnvei qcerc ou r(lriyUi,dq sS NtucaAoirdl)yv , dsacSt eraMovyluis ectdtaeahesslav ,u midrcneiepanvstngi,oc o nnIepns ahsU,n tonnortuaipovmnhneooirecsptn iohttanyson, it dc(oaE nnapnidnlgca d lGsaa mnWpndlodaS)n ,s pimPtclhha osoesntm trioUcuon ncnsiitcitvucsreru . rescHssttir ituusfyr oc cerotus uf r rfreoesrn tf or AAANA
biWoseesbntireoseirssnbneegi naoS,s rsccieinohmngt slp,aai nrcniogtmdvi,v, ep iKditrmoiL eAvpbse- riodoTinem vvnebeocdidloo vimrceb, a ieNolldi mqoiocuvepaaiddtl iiM cccoaaerpllya tssioitcumaparltial n idgcgieaimn vlI ganic igsmettisnrea,ug cgmnh iannteneginqco tuhpste,neh scaioq hntusnodueni qscGi hucW s eausaSn cs dhPs u hspcpoalhestao csntmsarpisoco espncs.o itpcHlrea oicsrspitt morrcuolueacprtrtroriuemilcanr eertits mr ifceo trr ic GNGAG
iA1N2m00rbiA1bame 0ia0dbnbosg a4udoeobsiA1N2ig mluae oona0h0TbiA1Nbainlrmkognen aah00idcbnabso ck,iA1N2gdgla c4haud oimnoibsh n0, 0himlbgc lau aeaoonioahnTg aa0ahdminnlnbn kag eonnaohTc,gp4uao sh o dnc,k dgelltcSai tp lii oohahn iidahc n,ThemlPcmvta agisknagen hfragaehmIinn a uistEsc,opdnlf,rpcea ph;i id nhlus lr Seo hmtsflpupoaaca; hoid-nlee)sPl amtlnobugns;ocf va fr-loeI pi lahuli sobideEgasfpelofSrienpt;iou sdaall uinslr eewsPfliveupdhc;gotus -slde)frl Ioslohbu ;deh fucisvEtl-b i) eliplahl;ohdonb aee;ol fveoii sfl uuiocsra oddaln ep-laoew)e2iedhoobmt;surf sdntpll d0hei le vlodhaliat bedti1oiice1,dhoednhuqv seoin li0 wadcw0r,dhrao eh odutpod 2l aeiowh. rsem pra iitc p 1id0l dt Hevhioodnsa oaci1thc21e1,de t rav i etlop0ca1 h0c22wdc0e r,oeesZ ht ol 0rai id 00.w nvor piiesZc y1eh1jcl tH1, e ptoae aspc eirh2a01eajws0trtetevtuooleacnr 0l .h2 aie.Z n pevihrut oc1iZ H 0tlHnoneaes cnZaac erhjh2aZ etponeansdeeteocrlae 0ljsa s eevtuZl t eaeoeehnbr.i o lisn nivesvrel vuetceZa Hejm. cn atosoci e nvarrtarcaacZHisekasenevmuotsaaclanle.ras yikl e neaemgrttbcm Zs Ho,loyne iiav cl tei,alecbmIac , gnoeeo saseen vrtcelalneiIkrss ggemlt oeasantadbrac ao,ayirkes v tmgttctmaiea,po anc,eyg6i tosetf lirIccmhpig,oenook eeerng06mt aealIayhrsyrilgpcge rte 0ntdclma a,, otayheorhs eoc tlipeI aa, ggte6utn owfoeefcnt edheop erser0sungi o6tttfd a qdaay,rhliocNheeo rsfn 0ln ip u taeyhoonicg6ltNefff aegnlhoe ru toewenfrio 0ctndaeS cge aysrlrsnuiowht l nno qPde iltNhooocfsneniaepcno uI esqluioewNffo Efangindeuhpcr e Iueq sntf tnneaSd gecJhosir NhiuhofpnnostnoP d e hlteoeifeihtparpgpcouIn od qsr lti o EelitneeSr thunoprIc ucaqah conu n noPeJocnihrlIicssuecepcistondyapc hItm iqoriee t Eercsopu lesDydh Iutiso d et ntootsnr rooD Jcopeaaiciiduontpsnofditrnnftvecesleac itctuya r oiuN i gnircvPieelc oecscltDtyn rdtcsiga sd h tceee uoncsroD ierepdsasnieyd scotetfyapnftvo velee asee o ips rs( NlDapiginfcvPivM ldu cptcoco (p doastieigahaPMeiechcsclfr enpefivdsnalyshts oeceo p Nrv(ie guie Pr.soyrscps(sUct apiidrisvMoarh.p ,cosmecors(p aKP eeii noeMyhsn,scalapcespi rPv)ea ss oceoi(o nns aara(ietrcii.riMrpcssUf t ccfnonddnrpirs(oo,.o.emhirssU KPf eddic rons ,.caaorr ) ( KPe. riso Unnt aactri)o,ofnddo nnr KPs i.niaa fnddrc).io nn cifndds. EMENTAGEMENEMENTGEMENTEMENT
anNda ntahon2e dT0 ae J0tocn4hhud eanr tnnJohoadleoul agorJnniofe auPSslr)hP n;oyI afaEs ln Pif codhesf ly lh EPsoaxihwcspys r1is eEni0scx 2sspp. 0rEa1exts0eps.nr .Hetsse.s .Hise a nbe acsasmocei aat efe eldloitwo ro of ft hthee I nSsPtIiEt uJtoeu ornf aPlh oyfs Nicasn (oUpKh)o itno nics T
2004a anndd t hane JSoPuIErn faell loofw P ihny s2i0c1s 0E.x Hpere isss a.n associate editor of the SPIE Journal of Nanophotonics
and the JouRrnoable Rorotf bPSReh.o ryMtbs ieSacr.srt k M ESsx a.ep rMarkersnas sere.kdas rh neieasd rPn hhei.dsD .Ph fhirs.o DPm.h f .rtDoh.me f rW othmeei z tWmheea inWznme Iainznmsntia tInnunstet Ii ntousftt Sietc uoitefe nS cocefie Sancncidee ndacinded a dnidd did AAA
cticnamhoonecticnmrhonooudmeorrfontu muoBdiucticnarrftgmohguiooidinunercticnanuogmporhghoniuonoodmneoacnruhp hrrcticnafsonto uadmhtumaBrodiuhMriheoo nersfotgta liotguiBinrdniusMiionerpudmnruootglooSpho,gioi snnsrisf t acrrnuonfuoEhBSdphtNN oiua,h rs soao hgtahacrosn fgMEieihnriRhtNNiona otseealrnouosi,hsstahephs nsiM idnpreio oggr eeot oraclSrs,i tt,saehsp swns s ids paeebgga Dh rhn tfEoiuShtNN otatM, ieosp s sosvvot teeenlaeahDeh is enfEincurinRhtNNosais ophee rrsvvsro,lts dnsoaeeSaphth,es t( dcln r siaNggss ot eh ee hrI s td tnd,fsEsaapetshtNNpo hawt ( nsada ee NbaggeoDh Rh ehahSIiuo ds r tatanrori spwsNs vvndseet neeereetasDh ,sRaesaheaFecc.oisura s drho emgg N d svvl r d tnaatepte e s thttaaeFt(csMslcpwaN teds thCeeem h aohD I dueln dlaaiu espt tehhto (nsal )aNitsdvveCtnReRhereoseh oSI te ynreadlt ancraehe ss Ndhansa ) itthx alo dReaarREFahsecpts.hoytrr ta(nt lreaaeNm lseNa dtahtanoxI r etas otdA kn Eaaa aFIc Mstt dnsbaeCa -emlo rl ouetnRhlerndaaros Aegnes rhtaT Isre)nisiNldbted CRe-rstrflo o t yaaue tnn FdiElenca sogeTe hsseaee msns)i tlhixiaoReEaaarfs est t Ty-niEettre sfn BaiahetlsdCa tspsnootir hxAuevaKnn o lek cE Ia ea hT-estbBe rii)mih-airlloraReprtredsnochrotvKagysnAeTntn c ns rIaeenilo abeii-thfxfral ora ohc nEeiaEerdtctih ooaogngeTt srsea fssgeonlieli tseenohfrf Annh cT- netiIsfEtieidBr g oihabesrff- pg sslrelxocivK seeeerdch gonad T T-i sai e sfBireminCiihla rarf hpaephlfxcc hooanv Kn iE eencr loiodamioas t sCismiteafoia tehhncrpaaiettfioc ogh oTa-nheesflBir ifmhsgeeonp seetgeghroaftveKn no ethcc ifr ttida ogat iirmdfi “fglexcehntraP neigegse rehchloeao odnhtnia r iNr ncCtorao id“hpraf hfl heh toxchconinet tillieogeehomdtaiat N cfgtCergeooa aatenese hphaife.s n1ooocnh ir leeiltmDasUentrf yggglrtnexc2toaa o tte en f0e sfoodca it a hidl“ CUia eht.onhnnpiyPat Uonggr 02tloe h octf 0el iNncmEratot hidt“ife oaertoehhtnonitmnUnioif00seelen hctha r nvNnE cngerheaon ggrp rse1o. oit7moco in0sinleeaNetUtDangvid“a y nng2htetbv ania f 0e lehs 7m1oc NrNnicNelir Uoitb goa.nt ea tUoya0nebv2tpo csn0nf 0eee EteaNrh wgiifitbrra an io emaistntiUa0oses01onsc o cne0trnvrlt senUEewheytnip 2ratnor 7isiriomhfo0ei y0sieinsNeoe rgaitnvsa i ndsbvoetnetaUto0tp oo -eci7ome0ryNreiisENe iytbhligaeaaeto adrptbiivmsvain0tsnanso n -e e r.nnwvNr niyroaeWclitnbf i eso eapt oeai7pvnosesnnasnrittsNee. fnggawhe tnPoicbovrafn raioislo ohyCee isdolsoaeNriraetus ,ditsbfgthne ater nPattopo -e srrloironeCy raeoleis yiIlowieomua i,rlasdnstinon itsrv znanesnto r -eoe.urmrnratshfIW.oco yWlfe mteo l osmlotouiri no vsansynansei.esmu mo.fginhanhePfW.ds octf lobttHlC oom -e dolrns sa.aeuemg ,yao lf gnM ieohr e nPWi rvribtnHalonsC ratdoel. IBtoniannymgulosc,eit oMnf in r onuzWnrie rsuamd t. raaeh fBW.tfgIeohennyrnmiPli lsumto nlosut Crn.edolehlmgoduom r.aune, hsfeW.Hne eer ibtH ml ur kt rs raIa.aheelggaucImoao rMimn-elssyH t Wonnee ri enbtHstmekuBmt. senanyeafahnsGcfW.gei M-i uy l usW eriesdos .e.taH nmeoH.BestednefrennyiG tei hui cbtHt rum dhlger oo dras n.HcngaiHsH dMeiaee e erihW ahuririkttEer tdaeIearhulcBgteosrny-cBniy e is Hnuaneee eusas arcevonkd.sE ee n.if aaesGaeuce er iB-i i y ndts sputso reeschnlH vngoeenHoor.dsie nnfessGH phtuiee c ibd sdt lurkreo mrsaaen cateeucHo ni H ado-ey huer p arhuigoectbsEUe oelrdre.s emrna fsetsGBci n p our aes aburihc f aryovgoocno fUeEie H nHnts nede uBiiedpsh uint pucl bieshafkdyconterceovo.nsSic init ntMe padeulbeh i eardtslsrv lp uhnEem reka ttllneeeocoi iBiitMuer n phdy gldosaeUbeecnostv volrnno aimr eilla ptpiron ibiduers feheyy orpudcgoeefn Ueneenlontosna repuaseB ppenorl b dbnhbiket rflrtyo.comr a tiSilanitMntsnodr lasuuerBweeigsyevo gb otdcln Uehklltfo .ociegpaiiitMp hyyr dd bleiwoeiyfneegyyo sctv ona pnilfltsnsoergpinu epey r h eyl sndohey kentl.nsoeoa oriaimatMsspBierdeolb sndr pense v rs nennon llgasoeilnfnoii omriwasB ihgyy dsteorbedcvnnme efon oaonsgrpgpaifdiyron oyweet treiigy atvnsn mo e ln sfesrorrrg pas Bhhpere yobsnd oaottyiemsoedaaortnsoo maai isre rdsr heheweipgys ”t e trnsnoanmlgifartsoeofignpoomiy dd seeorvynmese” tr ensr lngserrfdi op t t i snansovnmesoe rosrmhhie rsroamtti eanrtdannsog firodeehhes”trvnmoale m iartsr r ddeettis”atnrsol rhhe oamartdees”trl bdulhalim | MarksAbdulhalim | Markbdulhalim | MarksAbdulhalim | Marksbdulhalim | Marks eIReIRdbdboiroeIRtireteIRbdabebdadboeIRiedhrto idebhebrbt aroibeibdayrrttimehdye btma ehb rd Sibeyhr St imy bA.tm riA. y Stm M Sb M A.bSA. d aMdbA.aMub rudMrkbladklhausdrhusarakluaklhrlshkllisaihmasmlaliimlmim
s
and Biochips as well as author of more than 100 papers and numerous chapters. V404V404V404
ISBNI S9B78NIS- 9B987N18- 4-994786813--9-4484716--834-44V6743-80-447-8
ISBN 978-981-4463-47-8
V404
ISBN 978-981-4463-47-8
NANOMATERIALS
FOR WATER MANAGEMENT
Pan Stanford Series on the High-Tech of Biotechnology
Robert S. Marks
Series Founding Editor
Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering
National Institute for Biotechnology Engineering
Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Israel
Titles in the Series
Published
Vol. 1 Vol. 4
Nanoantenna: Plasmon-Enhanced Nanomaterials for Water
Spectroscopies for Biotechnological Management: Signal Amplification
Applications for Biosensing from Nanostructures
Marc Lamy de la Chapelle and Ibrahim Abdulhalim and
Annemarie Pucci, eds. Robert S. Marks, eds.
2013 2015
978-981-4303-61-3 (Hardcover) 978-981-4463-47-8 (Hardcover)
978-981-4303-62-0 (eBook) 978-981-4463-48-5 (eBook)
Vol. 2 Forthcoming
Viral Diagnostics: Advances and
Applications Vol. 5
Robert S. Marks, Leslie Lobel,
Bioluminescent Microbial
and Amadou Alpha Sall, eds.
Biosensors: Design, Construction,
2015
and Implementation
978-981-4364-43-0 (Hardcover) Gérald Thouand and Robert S. Marks,
978-981-4364-44-7 (eBook) eds.
Vol. 3
Vol. 6
Electrochemical Biosensors
Fibre-Optic Immunosensors and
Serge Cosnier, ed.
Biosensors
2015
Robert S. Marks, ed.
978-981-4411-46-2 (Hardcover)
978-981-4411-47-9 (eBook)
Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Pan Stanford Series on the High-Tech of Biotechnology
Volume 4
NANOMATERIALS
FOR WATER MANAGEMENT
Signal Amplification for Biosensing from Nanostructures
editors edited by
Preben MaegaaIrbdrahim Abdulhalim
Anna Krenz
Robert S. Marks
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20150702
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-981-4463-48-5 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason-
able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The
authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in
this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not
been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so
we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.
copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza-
tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface
1. Na nopla smonic Structures and Enhanced Spectroscopies xi
for Water Sensing 1
Hong Shen, Emmanuel Rinnert, Nicolas Guillot,
Jérémy Rouxel, Marc Lamy de la Chapelle, and
Timothée Toury
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Improved SERS Sensitivity Using the Molecule
Adhesion Layer 4
1.2.1 Optimization of the SERS Process by
LSPR Control 4
1.2.2 Improved SERS Sensitivity by MPTMS 5
1.2.2.1 Limitation of SERS sensitivity
by chromium 5
1.2.2.2 Introducing MPTMS to the
EBL process as an adhesion
layer between glass and Au
nanostructures 6
1.2.2.3 Improved LSPR properties
and SERS sensitivity using
MPTMS as a molecule
adhesive 8
1.3 Easier for Measurements: Apolar Plasmonic
Nanostructures 11
1.3.1 Limitation from SERS Sensors with
Polarization Dependence 11
C
n
1.3.2 Apolar Behavior of Nanoparticle
with Symmetry 11
1.3.3 LSPR and SERS Performance with
Nonpolarization Dependence 12
vi Contents
2. Online and Real-Time Water Quality–Monitoring
System Based upon the Raman Super-Resolved
Spectrometer 19
Dror Malka, Garry Berkovic, Yair Hammer,
and Zeev Zalevsky
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Physical Background 21
2.3 System Description 24
2.4 Mathematical Derivation and Calculations 24
2.5 Experimental Results 28
3. 2A.p6p licatCioonn colfu Bsiroonasd band Infrared Plasmon Resonance 32
for the Signal Amplification of Analytes in Water 35
Tadaaki Nagao, Chung Vu Hoang, Dominik Enders,
Makiko Oyama, and Osamu Saito
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Fabrication of a Broadband Plasmonic
Substrate 37
3.3 Mechanism of Strong Signal Enhancement 42
3.4 Application to Biomolecule Sensing in Water 46
4. 3Co.5l orimSeutrmicm Daertyec atniodn F ouft Tuorxei cP eMrseptaelc Itoivnes in Water 54
on the Basis of Gold Nanoparticles 59
Jianjun Du, Qi Shao, and Xiaodong Chen
4.1 Introduction 60
4.2 DNA–Gold NP Probes 61
4.2.1 Complementary DNA–Gold NP Probes 62
4.2.2 Poly-T ssDNA Probes 68
4.3 Oligopeptide/Protein–Gold NP Probes 70
4.4 Functional (Bio)Molecule–Gold NP Probes 72
4.4.1 Functional Molecule–Modified Gold
NP Probes 73
4.4.2 Chemical Reaction–Based Probes 74
4.5 Duplicate Signal Amplification Besides
Gold NPs 78
4.6 Conclusion 81
Contents vii
5. Tackling the SNR Problem in Miniaturized Arrayed
Biosensors for Water 91
Inbal Tsarfati-BarAd and Levi A. Gheber
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 93
5.3 Proposed Solutions to Increasing the SNR 97
5.3.1 Improving Collection Efficiency Using
Individual Microlenses 97
5.3.2 Increasing Binding Site Density 98
5.3.3 Oriented Immobilization of Proteins 99
6. 5Cu.4r rent CToecnhcnluiqsiuoens for Bacterial and Large Entities’ 102
Detection in Water 105
Mohamadali Safavieh, Chaker Tlili, Khaled Mahmoud,
Esen Sokullu, Andy Ng, Minhaz Uddin Ahmed, and
Mohammed Zourob
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Bacterial and Large Entities’ Detection in
Water Samples 106
6.2.1 Recognition Receptors for Bacterial
Detection 106
6.2.1.1 Antibodies 107
6.2.1.2 Live cell systems 107
6.2.1.3 Bacteriophages 108
6.2.1.4 Proteins/peptides 109
6.2.1.5 Oligonucleotides 109
6.2.1.6 Biomimetics 110
6.2.2 Sample Preconcentration 110
6.2.3 Conventional Techniques 114
6.2.3.1 Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay 114
6.2.3.2 Lateral flow immunoassay 115
6.2.3.3 Latex agglutination tests 116
6.2.3.4 Flow cytometry 118
6.2.3.5 Electrochemiluminescent
assays 119
6.2.4 Current Techniques for Bacteria and
Large Entities’ Detection in Water 121
viii Contents
6.2.4.1 Optical detection methods 121
6.2.4.2 Electrochemical techniques 123
6.2.4.3 Electrical techniques 133
6.2.5 High-Sensitivity Lab-on-a-Chip
7. Techniques for SPiglantafol Armnasl yfosris B ina cStuerrfiaacl eD Peltaescmtioonn 136
Resonance Sensors 163
Alina Karabchevsky and Ibrahim Abdulhalim
7.1 Introduction 164
7.2 Theoretical Fit to the SPR Experimental
Results 166
7.3 Minimum Hunt Method 167
7.4 Center-of-Mass Method 169
7.5 Linear Data Analysis 174
7.6 Locally Weighted Parametric Regression 176
7.7 Radon Transform–Based Algorithm 177
7.7.1 Multichannel Diverging Beam SPR
Imaging Based on Radon Transform 180
7.7.2 Limit of Detection, Sensitivity, and
Quantification 182
8. 7Ch.8e micaSlu Smenmsainrgy and Biosensing with 183
Nanostructured Porous Silicon 187
V. Torres-Costa, G. Recio-Sánchez, D. Gallach,
M. Manso-Silván, J. López-García, M. Arroyo-Hernández,
and R. J. Martín-Palma
8.1 Introduction 188
8.2 Nanostructured Porous Silicon 188
8.3 Surface Biofunctionalization 190
8.4 Optical Biosensing 192
8.5 Electrical Biosensing 193
9. 8Ch.6ir al ScCuolpntculuresido Tnhsi n Films for Optical Sensing of 196
Analytes in Fluids 201
Tom G. Mackay and Akhlesh Lakhtakia
9.1 Introduction 202
Contents ix
9.2 Constitutive and Morphological Parameters
of an Infiltrated CSTF 203
9.3 Sensing via a Spectral Shift of the Circular
Bragg Phenomenon 206
9.4 Sensing via SPP Waves 212
Index9.5 Closing Remarks 216
221