Nano-Optics and Near-Field Optical Microscopy (Artech House)

379 Pages·2008·10.66 MB·English

by  Anatoly Zayats

Nano-Optics and Near-Field Optical
Microscopy
Artech House Series
Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Series Editors
Xiang Zhang and Kang L. Wang
Introduction to DNA Self-Assembled Computer Design,ChristopherDwyer
and AlvinLebeck
Design and Test of Digital Circuits by Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,
FabrizioLombardiandJingHuang
Nano-Optics and Near-Field Optical
Microscopy
Anatoly Zayats
David Richards
Editors
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U. S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-283-8
Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii
PART 1
Nano-Optics and Near-Field Microscopy xi
Introduction
CHAPTER I
Optics at the Nanometer Scale 5
1.1 The Age of Nanometer Science and Technology 5
1.2 The Role of Optics 5
1.2.1 Unsurpassed Chemical Specificity 5
1.2.2 Limitations 6
1.2.3 Topics in Near-Field Optics 7
1.3 Near-Field Optical Microscopy 8
1.3.1 Standard Design 8
1.3.2 NOM Probes 8
1.3.3 Image Formation 10
1.3.4 Modes of Operation 11
1.3.5 Image Interpretation/Computational Methods 11
1.3.6 Applications 11
1.4 Historical Background 12
1.4.1 NFO Before the Dawn of Nanometer Science and Technology 12
1.4.2 Antennas in Front of an Interface Between Two Media 12
1.4.3 Molecule in Front of Another Medium 13
1.4.4 Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer (FRET) 13
1.4.5 Rayleigh and Mie Scattering of Light 13
1.4.6 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) 14
1.4.7 Transmission of Small Apertures 14
1.4.8 Early Proposals for Super-Resolution Optical Microscopy 14
1.5 The “Age” of Nano-Optics 15
1.5.1 Start-up Phase (1984–1994) 15
1.5.2 Consolidation and Generalization 15
1.5.3 Outlook 16
References 16
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 2 21
Near-Field Photonic Forces 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Basic Theory of Forces Due to Electromagnetic Fields 22
2.2.1 Maxwell’s Stress Tensor 22
2.3 The Dipole Approximation 23
2.4 Force on a Dipolar Particle Due to an Evanescent Wave 24
2.5 Force on Particles upon Surfaces 25
2.5.1 Dipolar Particles 26
2.5.2 Particles with Sizes on the Order of the Wavelength 28
2.6 Forces and Surface Topography: Nanoparticle Resonances 29
2.7 Optical Binding 33
2.8 Optical Tweezers: Nanomanipulation with an Apertureless Probe 35
2.8.1 Manipulation of Lossless Particles 35
2.8.2 Manipulation of Dielectric and Absorbing Particles 38
2.8.3 Manipulation of Metallic Particles 39
2.9 Nanomanipulation with a Photonic Crystal 40
2.10 Conclusion 42
References 42
CHAPTER 3 47
Nano-Optics with Single Quantum Systems 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Interaction of Light with Single Two-Level Quantum Systems 48
3.3 Fluorescent Molecules at Ambient Conditions as Local Field Probes 50
3.4 Mapping the Field Distribution in a Focused Laser Beam 52
3.5 Mapping the Field Distribution at a Sharp Tip 55
3.6 Energy Transfer and Quenching 58
3.7 Conclusion 62
Acknowledgments 62
References 62
CHAPTER 4 67
Near-Field Second-Harmonic Generation 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Near-Field Microscopy of SHG 68
4.2.1 Aperture-Based SHG SNOM 68
4.2.2 Apertureless SHG SNOM 70
4.3 Near-Field SHG at Metal Surfaces 71
4.3.1 SHG Enhancement at Individual Surface Defects 72
4.3.2 SHG and Surface Polariton Localization on a Rough Surface 75
4.4 Apertureless Second-Harmonic SNOM 75
4.4.1 SHG in the Presence of a Probe Tip 76
4.4.2 Self-Consistent SHG ASNOM Model 80
4.4.3 Experimental Realization of SHG ASNOM 80
4.5 Near-Field SHG Imaging of Functional Materials 82
4.5.1 SHG Imaging of Magnetic Domains 84
4.5.2 Local Poling Analysis of Ferroelectric Materials 85
Contents vii
4.6 Conclusion 88
Acknowledgments 89
References 89
CHAPTER 5 93
Scanning Near-Field Microscopy and Lithography of Light Emitting Polymers 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Conjugated Polymer Blends 94
5.3 Aperture SNOM 95
5.3.1 Application to Conjugated Polymers 95
5.3.2 Implementation 96
5.3.3 The Nature of the Near-Field Illumination 97
5.4 CW and Time-Resolved Fluorescence SNOM of Polymer Blends 98
5.4.1 An Energy-Transfer Blend for Light Emitting Applications 98
5.4.2 A Charge-Transfer Blend for Photocells 100
5.5 Photoconductivity SNOM 102
5.6 Near-Field Photolithography 103
5.7 Conclusions and Future Developments 105
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
PART II
Nanophotonics 109
Introduction 110
References 111
CHAPTER 6 113
Near-Field Characterization of Planar Photonic-Crystal-Waveguide Structures 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Sample Fabrication and SNOM Experimental Setup 115
6.3 Near-Field Imaging of PhCWs: Qualitative Considerations 118
6.4 Near-Field Characterization of PhCW Components 120
6.4.1 PhCW Propagation Loss 120
6.4.2 PhCW Mode Dispersion 122
6.4.3 Loss in Gradual PhCW Bends 125
6.4.4 Loss in Double 60°PhCW Bends 126
6.4.5 Directional Couplers (Sample N5) 127
6.5 Conclusions 129
Acknowledgments 130
References 130
CHAPTER 7 135
Tracking Light Pulses With Near-Field Microscopy 135
7.1 Introduction 135
7.2 Heterodyne Interferometry 136
7.2.1 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 136
7.2.2 Lock-in Detection 137
7.2.3 Light Source Requirements 138
viii Contents
7.3 Application in Near-Field Microscopy 140
7.3.1 Setup Considerations 140
7.3.2 Pulse Tracking in a Waveguide 141
7.3.3 Determination of the Phase Velocity 141
7.3.4 Determination of the Group Velocity 144
7.4 Pulse Tracking in Dispersive Media 146
7.4.1 The Influence of Group Velocity Dispersion 147
7.4.2 The Influence of Higher-Order Dispersion 149
7.4.3 Slow-Pulse Propagation with Low Dispersion 152
7.5 Conclusions 156
Acknowledgments 156
References 156
PART III
Plasmonics 159
Introduction 160
References 163
CHAPTER 8 165
Near-Field Optical Characterization of Plasmonic Materials 165
8.1 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy of Plasmonic Structures 165
8.1.1 Visualizing Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Metal Structures 165
8.1.2 Monitoring Effects of Localized Surface Plasmons on Metal
Nanoparticles 166
8.2 Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Metal Films of Nanohole Arrays 168
8.2.1 Introduction 168
8.2.2 Fabrication of Microscale Arrays of Nanoholes 169
8.2.3 Illumination-Mode SNOM of Nanohole Arrays 170
8.2.4 Collection Mode SNOM of Nanohole Arrays 174
8.2.5 Near-Field and Far-Field Characterization of Anisotropic
Nanohole Arrays 181
8.3 Future Directions and Outlook 183
Acknowledgments 184
References 184
CHAPTER 9 187
High Enhancement and Near-Field Localization of Light on
Semi-Continuous Films 187
9.1 Introduction 187
9.2 Enhancement of the Electromagnetic Field on a Metal Film 188
9.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonances 188
9.3 Localization of Light on Semicontinuous Films 189
9.3.1 Coupling Between Localized and Propagative Surface
Plasmon Modes on Semicontinuous Metallic Films 190
9.3.2 Nano-Optical Experiments on Semicontinuous Films 192
9.3.3 Fluorescence Enhancements and Nonlinear Effects 194
9.4 Conclusion 195
Acknowledgments 196
References 196
Contents ix
CHAPTER 10 201
Nano-Optics with Hybrid Plasmonic Nanoparticles 201
10.1 Introduction 201
10.1.1 Hybrid Plasmonic Nanoparticles 202
10.1.2 Scope of the Review 203
10.2 Materials 204
10.2.1 Colloidal Synthesis and J-Aggregate Deposition 204
10.2.2 Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Deposition 204
10.2.3 AAO Templating 206
10.3 Strong Coupling and Modulated Ground States 206
10.3.1 Theoretical Background 206
10.3.2 Coherent Coupling Between a Dipolar Plasmon and a
Molecular Exciton 208
10.3.3 Coherent Coupling Between a Delocalized Plasmon and
a Molecular Exciton 210
10.3.4 Ultrafast Dynamics of Mixed States 218
10.4 Ultrafast Control of Molecular Energy Redistribution Using Hybrid
Plasmon-Exciton States 220
10.5 Near-Field Optical Response of Plasmon-Exciton Hybrid
Nanoparticles 220
10.6 Conclusions 223
Acknowledgments 224
References 224
PART IV
Apertureless Near-Field Optical Microscopy 229
Introduction 230
References 232
CHAPTER 11 235
Near-Field Nanoscopy by Elastic Light Scattering from a Tip 235
11.1 Introduction 235
11.2 Principle of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical
Microscopy (s-SNOM) 236
11.3 Theory of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy 238
11.4 Elimination of Background-Scattering Contributions from the
Detector Signal 241
11.5 Experimental Realization of s-SNOM 241
11.6 Contrast and Resolution in s-SNOM Images 246
11.7 Molecular Vibrational Near-Field Contrast 249
11.8 Tip-Induced Polariton Resonance 251
11.9 Nanoscale Coherent Imaging of Optical Eigenfield Patterns 253
11.10 Applications of s-SNOM 256
11.11 Outlook 259
Acknowledgments 259
References 260