Nano and Micro-Scale Energetic Materials: Propellants and Explosives

761 Pages·2023·17.234 MB·English

by  Pang W., DeLuca L.T. (ed.)

NanoandMicro-ScaleEnergeticMaterials
Nano and Micro-Scale Energetic Materials
Propellants and Explosives
Volume 1
Edited by Weiqiang Pang and Luigi T. DeLuca
Nano and Micro-Scale Energetic Materials
Propellants and Explosives
Volume 2
Edited by Weiqiang Pang and Luigi T. DeLuca
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v
Contents
Volume1
Preface xiv
AbouttheEditors xx
PartI Fundamentals 1
1 CompositeHeterogeneousEnergeticMaterials:
PropellantsandExplosives,SimilarbutDifferent? 3
LeviGottlieb
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 StructureandComposition 5
1.2.1 EnergeticFillers 7
1.2.2 BinderSystems 8
1.2.2.1 BinderSystemsforCastCurePropellantsandExplosives 9
1.2.2.2 PressedPBXs 11
1.2.2.3 Plasticizers 14
1.2.3 SurfaceActiveMaterials(SAMs) 14
1.3 Performance 22
1.4 Sensitivity 23
1.4.1 SensitivityCorrelations 24
1.4.2 TransfertoDetonationinPropellantsandPBXs 28
1.4.2.1 FactorsDeterminingTransfertoDetonation 28
1.4.2.2 DDTDescription 31
1.5 Summary 35
ListofAbbreviations 36
References 38
2 High-PressureCombustionStudiesofEnergeticMaterials 47
RichardA.YetterandEricBoyer
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 BurningRatesasaFunctionofPressure 48
vi Contents
2.3 VisualObservationsofBurningBehaviorasaFunctionofPressure 54
2.4 Discussion 59
2.5 Conclusions 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
PartII NewEnergeticIngredients 69
3 CyclicNitraminesasNanoenergeticOrganicMaterials 71
AlexanderA.LarinandLeonidL.Fershtat
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 NanosizedRDX 72
3.3 NanosizedHMX 79
3.4 NanosizedCL-20 84
3.4.1 Ultrasound-andSpray-AssistedPrecipitationofUltrafineCL-20 85
3.4.2 PreparationofCL-20NanoparticlesViaOilinWater
Microemulsions 85
3.4.3 ProductionofNanoscaleCL-20UsingUltrasonicSpray-Assisted
ElectrostaticAdsorptionMethod(USEA) 85
3.4.4 PreparationofNanoCL-20ViaSonocrystallization 86
3.4.5 PreparationofMicro-SizedParticlesandtheirComparisonwith
NanoscaleCL-20 87
3.4.6 MethodforProductionofNanoCL-20inSupercriticalCO and
2
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane(TFE) 88
3.4.7 CreationofNanoCL-20ParticlesbytheMethodofBidirectionalRotary
Mill 88
3.4.8 ElectrosprayofCL-20Particles 88
3.4.9 ProductionofSub-MicroCL-20-BasedEnergeticPolymerComposite
Ink 89
3.4.10 NanoscaleCompositesBasedonCL-20 90
3.4.11 ComparisonoftheDetonationPerformanceofMicro−/Nanoscale
High-EnergyMaterials 91
3.4.12 PreparationofNano-SizedCL-20/NQCo-CrystalViaVacuumFreeze
Drying 93
3.4.13 Nanoscale2CL-20⋅HMXHighExplosiveCocrystalSynthesizedbyBead
Milling 94
3.4.14 MechanochemicalFabricationandPropertiesofCL-20/RDXNano
Co/MixedCrystals 95
3.4.15 PreparationofNanoCL-20/HMXCocrystalbyMillingMethod 96
3.4.16 SynthesisofNanoCL-20/HMXCo-CrystalsbyUltrasonicSpray-Assisted
ElectrostaticAdsorptionMethod 96
3.4.17 PreparationofNano-CL-20/TNTCocrystalExplosivesbyMechanical
Ball-MillingMethod 97
Contents vii
3.4.18 PreparationofNanoscaleCL-20/GrapheneOxidebyOne-StepBall
Milling 98
3.4.19 PreparationandPropertiesofCL-20BasedCompositebyDirectInk
Writing 98
3.4.20 CL-20BasedExplosiveInkofEmulsionBinderSystemforDirectInk
Writing 99
3.5 ConclusionsandFutureOutlook 99
DeclarationofOriginality 100
References 100
4 ClathratesofCL-20:ThermalDecompositionand
Combustion 107
ValeryP.Sinditskii,NikolayV.Yudin,NikitaA.Kostin,SergeiA.Filatov,
andValeryV.Serushkin
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Host–guestEnergeticMaterialBasedonCL-20andNitrogen
Oxides 108
4.2.1 SynthesisandDeterminationoftheStructureofNewClathrates 108
4.2.2 ThermalStabilityoftheNewClathrates 112
4.2.3 VapourPressureAbovetheNewClathrates 115
4.2.4 CombustionBehaviorsoftheNewClathrates 116
4.2.5 EnergeticPerformanceoftheNewClathrates 120
4.3 ConclusionRemarks 122
Acknowledgments 124
References 124
5 HMXandCL-20CrystalsContainingMetallicMicroand
Nanoparticles 129
AlexanderB.Vorozhtsov,GeorgiyTeplov,andSergeiD.Sokolov
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 ResearchonHigh-EnergyCyclicNitraminesHMXandCL-20 130
5.2.1 SynthesisofHMXandCL-20CrystalswithInclusionofMetal
Particles 131
5.3 ProductionofCyclicNitramineCrystalswithMetalInclusions 132
5.3.1 ProductionofCL-20CrystalswithMetalInclusions 132
5.3.2 ProductionofHMXCrystalswithMetalInclusions 135
5.4 ResearchonthePhysicochemicalandExplosiveCharacteristicsofCL-20
andHMXCrystalswithMetalInclusions 137
5.5 ResearchontheCombustionofFuelSamplesBasedonCL-20Crystals
withMetalInclusions 140
5.6 Conclusions 144
Funding 145
Acknowledgments 145
References 145
viii Contents
6 EffectsofTKX-50onthePerformanceofSolidPropellantsand
Explosives 149
WeiQiangPang,ThomasM.Klapötke,LuigiT.DeLuca,DihuaOuYang,
ZhaoQin,YiWenHu,XueZhongFan,andFengQiZhao
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 PhysicochemicalPropertiesofTKX-50 152
6.3 InteractionsBetweenTKX-50andEMs 154
6.3.1 TKX-50/EMsCo-crystals 155
6.3.2 TKX-50/EMsMixtures 159
6.4 PerformanceofNano-sensitizedTKX-50 165
6.5 ApplicationinSolidPropellants 167
6.5.1 IdealEnergeticPerformance 167
6.5.1.1 HTPB/TKX-50 168
6.5.1.2 GAP/TKX-50 170
6.5.1.3 NEPE/TKX-50System 170
6.5.1.4 CMDB/TKX-50System 171
6.5.2 CombustionFeatures 171
6.5.2.1 CombustionBehaviorofTKX-50 171
6.5.2.2 CombustionBehaviorofSolidPropellantsContainingTKX-50 172
6.5.3 ThermalDecomposition 173
6.6 ApplicationinExplosives 181
6.7 Conclusions 182
References 184
PartIII Metal-basedPyrotechnicNanocomposites 191
7 RecentAdvancesinPreparationandReactivityofMetastable
IntermixedComposites 193
HongqiNie,WeiHe,andQilongYan
7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 ThePreparationandReactivityControlofMICs 195
7.2.1 Al-BasedMICswithRandomDistributedStructures 195
7.2.1.1 PreparationMethods 195
7.2.1.2 Characterization 196
7.2.1.3 ReactivityControl 202
7.2.2 Al-BasedMICswithMultilayeredStructures 203
7.2.2.1 PreparationMethods 203
7.2.2.2 Characterization 204
7.2.2.3 ReactivityControl 206
7.2.3 Al-BasedMICswithCore–ShellStructures 208
7.2.3.1 PreparationMethods 208
7.2.3.2 Characterization 211
7.2.3.3 ReactivityControl 212
7.3 ConclusionandSuggestions 214
References 214
Contents ix
8 Nanothermites:DevelopmentsandFuturePerspectives 219
AhmedFahd,CharlesDubois,JamalChaouki,andJohnZ.Wen
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 NanothermitesVersusMicrothermites 220
8.3 Nanothermite-friendlyOxidizers 223
8.3.1 MetallicOxidizers 224
8.3.2 OxidizingSalts 225
8.4 CarbonNanomaterialsandEnergeticCompositions 228
8.5 FutureChallenges 235
8.6 Conclusion 243
References 243
9 EngineeringParticleAgglomerateandFlamePropagationin
3D-printedAl/CuONanocomposites 253
HaiyangWangandMichaelR.Zachariah
9.1 Introduction 253
9.2 PrintingHighNanothermiteLoadingCompositeViaaDirectWriting
Approach 258
9.3 AgglomeratinginHighAl/CuONanothermiteLoadingComposite 262
9.3.1 In-OperandoObservationofFlameFront 262
9.3.2 MappingOpticaltoElectronMicroscopyofAgglomeration 263
9.3.3 AgglomerationAffectsthePropagationRate 264
9.4 EngineeringAgglomeratingandPropagatingthroughOxidizerSizeand
Morphology 265
9.4.1 TheConceptofaPocketSize 265
9.4.2 ReducingAgglomerationwithCuOWires 266
9.4.3 PromotePropagatingthroughUsingCuOWires 267
9.4.4 PolymerAdditionSignificantlyReducestheMicro-Explosionofthe
Agglomerations 269
9.4.5 Summary 270
9.5 EngineeringAgglomerationandPropagatingthroughRestrainingthe
MovementofAgglomerations 271
9.5.1 AddingCarbonFiberstoPromoteEnergyReleaseRateinEnergetic
Composites 271
9.5.2 EmbeddingCarbonFibersintoHighLoadingAl/CuONanothermite
Composite 272
9.5.3 EnhancedPropagationofAl/CuOCompositewithCarbonFibers 273
9.5.4 EnhancedHeatFeedbackandHeatTransferwithCarbonFibers:
RestrainingtheMovementofAgglomerations 274
9.5.5 Summary 275
9.6 ConclusionsandFutureDirections 275
Acknowledgments 276
References 277