Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops: Basic and Applied Aspects

453 Pages·1988·34.67 MB·English

by  Y. K. Arora

Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops
Karl Maramorosch S. P. Raychaudhuri
Editors
Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops
Basic and Applied Aspects
With 54 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg
London Paris Tokyo
Karl Maramorosch
Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology
Cook College
Rutgers-The State University
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
S. P. Raychaudhuri
IUFRO Working Party on Mycoplasma Diseases
A-61 Alkananda
Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mycoplasma diseases of crops.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
I. Mycoplasma diseases in plants. I. Maramorosch,
Karl. II. Raychaudhuri, S.P. (Syama Prasad)
SB737.M93 1988 632 .32 87-26435
© 1988 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
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Camera-ready copy prepared by the editors.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8360-7 e-ISBN -13: 978-1-4612-3808-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9
PREFACE
Mycoplasmas are placed in a separate class, Mollicutes, which removes them
from bacteria. Their main characteristics are lack of a cellular wall and inability
to synthesize the peptidoglycan polymer. The lack of a cell wall accounts for
the pleomorphism, osmotic sensitivity, sensitivity to antibiotics that inhibit pep
tidoglycan polymerization and synthesis, susceptibility to lysis by alcohol and
detergents, and the ability to grow on agar gel. At present, three families are
placed in the class Mollicutes: Mycotaceae, Acholetaceae, and Spiroplasmataceae.
The first pathogenic mycoplasmas were discovered in Pasteur's laboratory
nearly 90 years ago as the causative agents of a sheep disease. They were first
named PPLO, pleuropneumonia-like organisms. In 1928, Nocard in France coined
the name mycoplasma for PPLO, but his publication and the new name remained
practically unnoticed until Leonard Hayflick and Robert Channock succeeded in
culturing the "PPLO" of human "atypical virus pneumonia" in the United States
in 1960. Hayflick resurrected the name given by Nocard and since then, the
causative agent of human "atypical virus pneumonia" is known as Mycoplasma
pneumoniae. Other mycoplasmas cause diseases in dogs, sheep, birds, cattle,
pigs, etc.
A breakthrough was made in Japan in 1967, when several plant diseases,
earlier considered to be caused by viruses, were found to be associated with
mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO). Soon the Japanese finds were confirmed by
others in the United States and subsequently, in many other countries. Now more
than 100 different plant diseases, previously categorized as caused by viruses,
are classified as plant mycoplasma diseases. At present, a dozen plant and insect
associated mycoplasmas have been found to produce helical forms that distinguish
them from typical mycoplasmas and places them in the family called Spiro
plasmataceae. Most of these have been grown on artificial media. The remaining
large number of MLOs have not yet been grown in cell-free media, and this
formidable difficulty has prevented their detailed characterization.
Many reviews and several books have been published on basic aspects of
Mycoplasmas, including plant and insect spiroplasmas, but only one, limited to
mycoplasma diseases of trees and shrubs, has appeared until now (Mycoplasma
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. K. Maramorosch and S.P. Raychaudhuri, eds ,
vi Preface
Academic Press, New York, 1981). The purpose of the present volume is to
bring together basic and applied information conceming several plant mycoplasma
diseases of crops. In addition to information pertaining to new means of detection,
characterization, and cultivation of plant mycoplasmas (Part I), interactions be
tween insect vectors, plant mycoplasmas, and viruses in mixed mycoplasma
virus infections are presented (Part II). Part III includes mycoplasma diseases
of rice, potato, com, citrus, and other cultivated plants. A historical account of
the earliest description of a plant mycoplasma disease, made nearly 1000 years
ago in China, is published here for the first time. Four chapters on current control
technologies constitute the last part of the volume (Part IV).
The contributors to this book are active workers from the United States, Canada,
India, The Netherlands, Yugoslavia, and The Peoples' Republic of China.
The subject of this treatise should be of considerable interest and importance,
and one that will appeal to an audience representing plant pathologists, ento
mologists, horticulturists, as well as other branches of agriculture.
Karl Maramorosch
S.P. Raychaudhuri
CONTENTS
Preface ................................................................ v
Contributors ........................................................... IX
Part I: Detection, Characterization and Cultivation of Plant Mycoplasmas
Plant Pathogenic Mycoplasmas: Morphological and Biochemical
Characteristics
Y.K. Arora and R.C. Sinha........................................ 3
2 Purification and Properties of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms from
Diseased Plants
R.C. Sinha......................................................... 29
3 Fluorescence Microscopy of Yellows Diseases Associated with
Plant Mycoplasma-Like Organisms
C. Hiruki .......................................................... 51
4 Rapid and Specific Detection Methods for Plant Mycoplasmas
C. Hiruki .......................................................... 77
5 Prospects for Rapid Identification of Spiroplasmas in Plants and
Animals
Alan Liss ........................................................... 103
6 Trends in Research on Plant Mycoplasmas
R.E. Davis and I.-M. Lee ......................................... 113
7 New Developments in the Culture of Spiroplasma kunkelii, the
Com Stunt Spiroplasma
I.-M. Lee and R.E. Davis ......................................... 131
8 Comparative Morphology of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms
Bijan K. Ghosh, S. Misra, and V. Muniyappa ..................... 141
9 Three Dimensional Morphology of MLO and Spiroplasmas
Studied by SEM
G.T.N. de Leeuw, P.A.M. van Vught, A.A. Polak-Vogelzang, and
R.A. Samson....................................................... 161
viii Contents
Part II: Interactions with Plants, Insects, and Viruses
10 Ecological Associations of Spiroplasma citri with Insects, Plants,
and Other Plant Mycoplasmas in the Western United States
George N. Oldfield ................................................ 175
II The Occurrence and Interaction of Plant Viruses and Mollicutes in
Plants and Insect Vectors
Ernest E. Banttari ................................................. 193
12 Bionomics of Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott), a Vector of
Mollicutes and Virus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
James H. Tsai ..................................................... 209
Part III: Diseases of Rice, Potato, Com, Citrus, Eggplant and Other Plants
13 The Apparent Yellows Disease of Dodonaea spp. in Hawaii
Donald E. Gardner................................................ 225
14 Rice Yellow Dwarf Disease
v. Muniyappa and S.P. Raychaudhuri ............................. 233
15 Mycoplasma-Associated Potato Diseases and Their
Control in India
S.M. Paul Khurana, R.A. Singh, and D.M. Kaley ................ 285
16 Mycoplasma Diseases of Com in Florida
James H. Tsai ..................................................... 317
17 Stubborn Diseases of Citrus Caused by Spirop lasma citri
D.J. Gumpf ........................................................ 327
18 Little Leaf Disease of Eggplant
D.K. Mitra ........................................................ 343
19 Earliest Historical Record of a Tree Mycoplasma Disease:
Beneficial Effect of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms on Peonies
M.Q. Wang and Karl Maramorosch ............................... 349
Part IV: Chemotherapy and Other Methods of Control
20 The Pathways of Chemotherapeutants in the Control of Tree
Diseases
V.M.G. Nair....................................................... 359
21 Chemotherapy: Basic Research Approaches
S.P. Raychaudhuri, Sushma Rishi, and Narayan Rishi ............ 391
22 Kinetin Treatment of Stolbur Diseased Plants and Possibility of Its
Application in Chemotherapy
B. Plavsic, K. Krivokapic, and Z. Eric............................ 417
23 Non-Chemical Control of Plant Mycoplasma Diseases
Karl Maramorosch ................................................. 431
Index ................................................................... 451
CONTRIBUTORS
Y.K. Arora Donald E. Gardner
Chemistry and Biology Research National Park Service
Institute Cooperative Park Studies Unit
Agriculture Canada, Research Branch Department of Botany
Ottawa, Ontario University of Hawaii at Manoa
Canada K I A OC6 Honolulu, HA 96822, USA
Ernest E. Banttari Bijan K. Ghosh
Department of Plant Pathology Department of Physiology
University of Minnesota and Biophysics
St. Paul, MN 55108, USA University of Medicine and Dentistry
Robert Wood Johnson Medical
School
R.E. Davis Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
Microbiology and Plant
Pathology Laboratory
ARS-USDA David J. Gumpf
Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Department of Plant Pathology
University of California-Riverside
Riverside, CA 92521, USA
G.T.N. de Leeuw
Willie Commelin Scholten
Phytopathological Laboratory Chuji Hiruki
Baarn, The Netherlands Department of Plant Science
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada T6G 2P5
z. Eric
Department of Biology
Faculty of Science D.M. Kaley
University of Sarajevo Central Potato Research Station
Vojvode Putnika 43A Rajgurunagar 410 505
Sarajevo 71000, Yugoslavia Pune, Maharashtra, India
x Contributors
S.M. Paul Khurana George N. Oldfield
Central Potato Research Institute USDA,ARS
Simla-l7l ()() I, India Boyden Fruit and Vegetable Insects
Laboratory
K. Krivokapic University of California-Riverside,
Department of Biology Riverside CA 92521, USA
Faculty of Science
University of Sarajevo Biljana Plavsic
Vojvode Putnika 43A Department of Biology
Sarajevo 71000, Yugoslavia Faculty of Science
University of Sarajevo
Ing-Mee Lee Vojvode Putnika 43A
Department of Botany Sarajevo 71000, Yugoslavia
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742, USA A.A. Polak-Vogelzang
National Institute of Public Health
Alan Liss and Environmental Hygiene
Department of Biological Sciences Bilthoven, The Netherlands
State University of New York
University Center at Binghamton S.P. Raychaudhuri
Binghamton, NY 13901, USA IUFRO Working Party on
Mycoplasma Diseases
Karl Maramorosch A-61 Alkananda, Kalkaji
Department of Entomology and New Delhi 110019, India
Economic Zoology
Cook College Narayan Rishi
Rutgers-The State University Department of Plant Pathology
New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar 125005, India
S. Misra
Department of Botany Sushma Rishi
University of Rajasthan Department of Pharmacology
Jaipur, India Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar 125005, India
D.K. Mitra
R.A. Samson
Nuclear Research Laboratory
Centraal Bureau voor Schimme1cultures
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Baarn, The Netherlands
New Delhi 110012, India
R.A. Singh
V. Muniyappa Central Potato Research Institute
Department of Plant Pathology Simla-1700 I, India
University of Agricultural Sciences
Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India Ramish C. Sinha
Chemistry and Biology
V.M.G. Nair Research Institute
College of Environmental Sciences Agriculture Canada, Research Branch
University of Wisconsin at Green Bay Ottawa, Ontario
Green Bay, WI 5430 I, USA Canada K I A OC6