Table Of ContentPalgrave Politics of Identity
and Citizenship Series
Series Editors
Varun Uberoi
Department of Politics and History
Brunel University London
London, United Kingdom
Nasar Meer
School of Social and Political Sciences
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Tariq Modood
School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies
University of Bristol
Bristol, United Kingdom
The politics of identity and citizenship has assumed increasing impor-
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tanceasourpolitieshavebecomesigni cantlymoreculturally,ethnically
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and religiously diverse. Di erent types of scholars, including philoso-
phers, sociologists, political scientists and historians make contributions
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to this eld and this series showcases a variety of innovative contribu-
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tions to it. Focusing on a range of di erent countries, and utilizing the
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insights of di erent disciplines, the series helps to illuminate an increas-
ingly controversial area of research and titles in it will be of interest to a
number of audiences including scholars, students and other interested
individuals.
More information about this series at
http://www.springer.com/series/14670
Jed Fazakarley
Muslim
Communities in
–
England 1962 90
Multiculturalism and Political Identity
JedFazakarley
HertfordCollege
UniversityofOxford
Oxford,UnitedKingdom
PalgravePoliticsofIdentityandCitizenshipSeries
ISBN978-3-319-53791-7 ISBN978-3-319-53792-4(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-53792-4
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Acknowledgements
Given that this book has been almost thirty years in the making, I have
accrued a great many debts during the course of its production.
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The rst, and by far the greatest, such debt is owed to my parents.
ffi ffi
Thisisalsoadebtthatisdi culttorepayinwords.Su ceittosaythat
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my gratitude to them for their emotional and nancial support is
limitless.
A great number of people in the academic community also deserve
–
credit for the appearance of this book or blame, depending on what
you think about the material that follows. Various members of the
History department at the University of York helped to shape my
general but vague preference for all the school subjects that were not
hard sciences into an enjoyment of historical narrative and analysis.
Chief amongst them were Prof Liz Buettner, Prof Pete Biller, and
Dr Henrice Altink. It is possibly accidental that my current historical
–
interests so closely resemble a composite of their own they just got
fi – fi
to me rst but I have never regretted my choice of eld.
At Oxford, where this book originated as a D Phil thesis, Dr John
Davis and Dr Simon Skinner deserve the deepest appreciation. John,
fi fl
as my supervisor, had the most signi cant in uence on the thesis
intellectually, whilst Simon did a great job of orienting me at an
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institution I nevertheless still nd somewhat mysterious. Both have
been, and continue to be, invaluable sources of career support and
v
vi Acknowledgements
guidance.SotooisProfStephenTuck,andthemanalsoreallyknows
how to barbecue. Dr Matthew Grimley and Dr Jane Garnett have
also stepped in with advice and references, and have left marks upon
the content of this book.
The rich and challenging intellectual environment of Oxford has also
provided me with a number of opportunities to air, and hopefully
sharpen, aspects of the argument that follows. In addition to the above
faculty members, questions and challenges from Dr William Whyte,
Prof Lawrence Goldman, and Prof Jamie Belich stand out as having
required particularly careful revision on my part.
Throughout 2015 and 2016, I was a postdoctoral research fellow at
The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH). It was
duringthisperiodthatthesisbecamebook.Sociallyandintellectually,
the environment at TORCH is, in my experience, unmatched in
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academia. The stimulation, support, and succour o ered there by
(in addition to Prof Tuck) Dr Justine McConnell, Dr Ruth Scobie,
Dr Robin Whelan, Dr Alice Kelly, soon-to-be Drs Jono Taylor and
TimothyFarrant,LauraMiller,andtheindustrious-cum-intimidating
Victoria McGuiness-Francis have meant a great deal.
ff
Outside of Oxford, the e orts of Prof John Eade stand out. He has
been a vital interlocutor at stages of the project, and his general support
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and guidance has been constant and o ered always with remarkable
celerity and grace. He also kindly allowed me to view some of his own
private collected ephemera that are referenced below.
At Palgrave, I am indebted to the anonymous peer-reviewers who
helpedguidesomeofthemorerecentrevisionsmadetothebook,andto
“ ”
the editors of the Politics of Identity and Citizenship series for kindly
fi
allowing me to contribute to a series of ne books from which I have
learned so much. In particular, the perceptive interventions of Prof
Varun Uberoi, though coming at a late stage, have helped me to
considerably improve this book. I also, of course, owe much gratitude
to the editorial team.
ff
Finally,Iamgratefultothesta ateachandeveryarchivalinstitution
I have visited in the course of my research. They have supplied me with
’ fl
historyscrookedtimber;whatfollowsre ectsmyattemptstostraighten
it out.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Accommodation and Integration: Educating English
–
Muslims, 1962 98 39
Purdah
3 Home Bodies: and the Integration of Muslim
Women in England 95
4 Religion, Culture, and Biology: English Muslim Workers,
–
1962 85 129
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5 Butting Fundaments: Responses to the Rushdie A air 161
6 The Origins, Nature, and Location of Multiculturalism in
Post-war Britain 199
7 Conclusion: English Muslims and Multiculturalism since
the 1990s 263
Bibliography 285
Index 303
vii
List of Abbreviations
AMA Association of Municipal Authorities
AMC Association of Municipal Corporations
AYM Asian Youth Movement
BCM Bradford Council of Mosques
BENTH Bangladeshi Educational Needs in Tower Hamlets
BHAG Bengali Housing Action Group
BHRU Bradford Heritage Recording Unit
BMAF British Muslim Action Front
BWA Bangladesh Welfare Association
CARD Campaign Against Racial Discrimination
CIA Commonwealth Immigration/Immigrants Act
CIAC Commonwealth Immigrants Advisory Council
CRC Community Relations Commission [national body]
CRCs Community Relations Councils [local bodies]
CRE Commission for Racial Equality
CRO Community Relations Officer
CSCC Caribbean Social and Cricket Club
CSS Council of Social Services
DEAGRR Department of Employment Advisory Group on Race Relations
DES Department of Education and Science
EDM Early Day Motion
EHRC Equality and Human Rights Commission
FBYO Federation of Bangladeshi Youth Organisations
ix
x ListofAbbreviations
GLC Greater London Council
GMS Grant-Maintained School
HMSI Her Majesty’s Schools Inspectorate
ICC Islamic Cultural Centre
ILEA Inner London Education Authority
IRR Institute for Race Relations
IWA-GB Indian Workers Association-GB
IWA-S Indian Workers Association-Southall
KCRC Keighley Community Relations Council
LBTH London Borough of Tower Hamlets
LEA Local Education Authority
LPRD Labour Party Research Department
MCB Muslim Council of Britain
MET Muslim Educational Trust
MEECC [Inner London Education Authority] Multi-Ethnic Education
Consultative Committee
MLC Muslim Liaison Committee
MoL Ministry of Labour
MPA Muslim Parents Association
MPGB Muslim Parliament of Great Britain
MYM Muslim Youth Movement
MWC Muslim Welfare Centre
NES Non-English Speaking
NF National Front
NFPA National Federation of Pakistani Associations
NUT National Union of Teachers
OCRI Oxford Committee for Racial Integration
PEP Political and Economic Planning
PMA Pakistani Muslim Association
PWA Pakistani Welfare Association
PYO Progressive Youth Organisation
SLIC South London Islamic Centre
SYM Southall Youth Movement
TUC Trades Union Congress
UKACIA UK Advisory Council on Islamic Affairs
UKIM UK Islamic Mission
ULTS Unified Language Training Service
