Table Of ContentM Music Fundamentals, Methods, and
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ISBN 978-1-29202-126-3
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9 781292 021263
Music Fundamentals, Methods, and
Materials for the Elementary Classroom
Rene Boyer Michon Rozmajzl
Fifth Edition
ISBN 10: 1-292-02126-8
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02126-3
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
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book by such owners.
ISBN 10: 1-292-02126-8
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02126-3
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Printed in the United States of America
111222233173570247341715571731791
P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
Glossary
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 1
1. Music and the Child
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 7
2. Teaching Rhythm to Children
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 19
3. Teaching Melody to Children
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 71
4. Teaching Timbre to Children
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 131
5. Teaching Expressive Elements to Children
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 155
6. Teaching Form to Children
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 175
7. Teaching Texture to Children
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 207
8. Teaching Harmony to Children
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 221
9. The Singing Voice
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 247
10. Playing Musical Instruments
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 273
11. Listening Activities and Materials
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 331
12. Movement and Children
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 347
I
334468009539
13. Lesson Planning
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 369
14. Integrating Music Across the Curriculum
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 385
List of Songs and Rhymes
Rene Boyer/Michon Rozmajzl 403
Index 409
II
Glossary
From Music Fundamentals, Methods, and Materials for the Elementary Classroom Teacher, Fifth Edition. René Boyer, Michon Rozmajzl.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. All rights reserved.
1
Glossary
absolute pitch names names of the musical alphabet: bongo two small, connected drums usually played by
ABCDEFG placing them between the knees and hitting them with
various parts of the hand
accent a symbol placed above or ben>eath a note head
to emphasize the sound of that note: brass family a family of instruments whose basic
instruments include the trumpet, trombone, French
accidentals symbols that are used to alter a pitch in
# b n horn, and tuba
some way: , ,
brush strum a downward movement of the right hand
adagio tempo marking indicating that the music
across the strings of the guitar, using the backs of the
should proceed slowly
fi ngernails
afuche See cabasa.
cabasa a rhythm instrument consisting of metal beads
agogo bells two conical, metal bells, each having a
encircling around a large wooden spool
different pitch and struck with a small rod to produce a
canon a device whereby the melody of one part is
ringing sound
strictly imitated from beginning to end in a second
alla breve cut time or 2/2
voice or even a third or fourth voice
allegro fast, but cheerful pace
capo a device that can be attached to the guitar neck
alto female voice range lower than mezzosoprano to raise the pitch of the strings, making transposition
to a key easier to achieve
anacrusis an incomplete measure of one or more notes
found at the beginning of a composition; also known as castanets two semihollow disks of wood attached to a
pick-up notes stick by a cord
andante walking, moderate pace chant a single, unaccompanied, melodic line;
monophonic music
augmented triad a triad containing two major thirds
chest register that part of the vocal range governed
baritone a male voice classifi cation that lies between
by a set of throat muscles that control lower-register
the bass and tenor ranges
singing
bar line a vertical line used to separate accented
chord the simultaneous sounding of three or more
groups of rhythms and/or pitches
pitches
bass the lowest of male voice classifi cations
chordal See homophonic
bass or F clef a symbol used for notating relatively
chord inversion a triad or seventh chord whose root is
low pitches
not at the bottom of the chord
beat the underlying, unchanging, repeating pulse
circle dances dances involving one large circle or two
found in most music
concentric circles
beat note the note designated by the time signature to
claves two wooden cylinders containing hollow spaces
receive one full beat within the measure
that resonate when struck together
behavioral objective a statement that contains the
clef sign a symbol indicating the relative highness or
specifi c understanding or skill that is desired of a
lowness of the pitches notated
learner as well as the process through which a learner
will be led to achieve the understanding or skill coda a passage added to the last major section of a form
bell tree a vertical nesting of metal discs on a metal common time another name for the 4/4 time
c
rod that is played with a metal stick signature:
binary a composition that is divided into two sections, compound interval an interval that is larger than an
the second being different from the fi rst; written as AB octave
or binary form
compound meter a time signature whose upper num-
blues form 12-bars or measures of music in 4/4 time ber is a multiple of three and whose beat note can be
that is set to a specifi c harmonic pattern divided into three equal parts, creating a ratio of 3:1
blues scale a major scale whose third, fi fth and conducting patterns h and and arm patterns, used by
seventh are altered music directors, that represent the time signature
2
conga drum a long, cylindrical drum that is open at duration syllables nicknames used to designate
the bottom and played by striking the head with the different rhythmic structures
palms of the hand
dynamics the degree of volume in a musical
contour the direction or shape of a melody composition, ranging from very soft to very loud
contralto the lowest range of the alto voice elements the musical dimensions that undergird
all music: rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, form,
countersubject a second theme, found in some fugues,
timbre, dynamics, and tempo
that follows the statement of the fi rst theme
enharmonic terms used to designate two pitches
cowbell a metal instrument that is struck with a mallet
having the same sound but different letter names
or metal bar
fermata a musical sign indicating that the note should
crescendo a gradual increase in volume
C be held longer than its normal duration: U
cut time another name for the 2/2 time signature:
fifth the top tone of a triad
cymbals two metal disks struck together using a
finger cymbals two metal disks, held by the fi ngers,
vertical movement
that are struck together using a vertical movement
Da capo al fine a common symbol (D.C. al fi ne) used
to direct the performer to repeat a piece of music from flat a symbol used to lower the pitch of a note one-half
b
the beginning to the term fi ne , where the piece ends step:
decrescendo a gradual decrease in volume followers voices that follow the lead voice in a canon
deductive approach an approach to learning that form the structure or design of a piece of music
leads students through a sequence of activities from the fugue a polyphonic composition based on a theme,
general to the specifi c called the subject, which is stated unaccompanied
descant a countermelody or second melody that is at the beginning of the piece and then is taken up
sung higher than the original melody imitatively in other voices, called the answers, in close
succession
diaphragm a large muscle that lies across the body
under the lungs; with an in-and-out motion, it supplies gankoqui a double bell with its origins in Africa
the impetus that becomes the foundation of the entire general objectives statements that are usually expressed
breathing system in behavioral terms indicating what the student will be
diatonic stepwise able to do over a year’s time or month-to-month
diatonic sequence a succession of pitches moving in an glissando rapidly sliding up or down with the voice or
ascending or descending stepwise manner: ABCDEFG on an instrument
diminished triad a triad consisting of two minor thirds glockenspiel a small, metal, barred instrument
belonging to the Orff Instrumentarium
diminuendo a gradual decrease in volume
goals broad and concise statements indicating desired
djembe a west African drum dating back to the 12t h
terminal outcomes
century
gong a disk-shaped, metal instrument struck with a
djunjun a drum that rests on its side and is played
soft mallet
with a stick
grand staff the combination of treble and bass clefs
dominant seventh a four-toned chord built on the
fi fth degree of the scale; the added seventh above the grave tempo marking meaning as slowly as possible
root gives it its name
guiro a hollow gourd with horizontal grooves cut
dot a sign following a note or rest which adds to that across its surface that is scraped or hit with a small
note or rest one-half of its value; a dot on top of or wooden stick
beneath a note will cause the note to be shortened in
half step the smallest interval used in most of the
duration
music of Western civilization
double bar line two bar lines that designate the end of
hand drum a cylindrical drum head that is held by
either a musical section or the complete work
its rim
downbeat the fi rst beat in a measure
hand signs designated hand signals that are used to
drone the playing of a constant pitch or pitches reinforce the inner hearing of intervals
duple meter a time signature having a top number harmonic interval an interval consisting of two
divisible by two: 2/4, 2/8, 2/2 pitches that are sounded simultaneously
duration the length of sound or silence of a designated harmony the simultaneous interaction between
note or rest pitches in a melody and sounds in an accompaniment
Glossary
3
head register that part of the vocal range governed by metallophone a barred instrument made of metal that
a set of throat muscles that affect upper register singing belongs to the Orff Instrumentarium; its tone possesses
a high, resonating quality
homophonic texture a texture consisting of a
succession of chords that support a melody meter signature See time signature
icon pictorial representation used to designate mezzo soprano a soprano with a medium-high
something other than itself, depending on its context voice range
improvisation a musical extemporization for voice or Middle C a name given to the C located in the middle
other instruments, performed without much preparation of the grand staff or the C located approximately in the
middle of the piano keyboard
inductive approach an approach to learning that leads
students through a sequence of activities from the minor scale a scale built on the sixth tone of the
specifi c to the general major scale
interlude a passage added to the interior of a minor third an interval consisting of three half steps
composition that connects one section to another
minor triad a triad consisting of the intervals of
more smoothly than would occur if it were absent
a minor third on the bottom and a major third on
introduction a passage that occurs at the beginning of the top
a musical work, before its major sections
mode an arrangement of the eight tones of the octave
jingle clogs a n instrument possessing one or more pairs according to a fi xed pattern, such as the major or the
of metal disks loosely attached to a handle minor mode
key note starting note of a scale or home tone of a key moderato a tempo marking designating a
medium speed
key signature a sign placed at the beginning of a
song, immediately following the clef sign, that tells the monophonic texture a single, unaccompanied
performer the names of the sharps or fl ats that occur in melodic line
the music musical alphabet the fi rst seven letters of the
koto 13-string zither, native to Japan alphabet, ABCDEFG, used to name musical pitches
largo very slow pace natural a symbol used to cancel a previous sharp or
n
fl at:
leader the beginning voice in a canon
natural minor scale a minor scale consisting
leap two notes that are more than a skip apart
of the following whole- and half-step sequence:
melodically
WHWWHWW
ledger lines extra lines that are added above and
neumatic notation a style of writing music, common
beneath the staff to accommodate additional pitches
to the Middle Ages, that uses neumes instead of
legato a smooth, corrected progression from note standard notation
to note
nonlocomotor movements originating from a
line dance a dance consisting of any number of stationary position of the body
couples who come together in two facing lines
notes musical symbols representing sounds or pitches
locomotor movement moving from one place to that are usually placed on a staff
another
ostinato a rhythmic, melodic, or harmonic pattern
major scale a sequence of tones consisting of that repeats; used primarily as an accompaniment
the following whole- and half-step relationships:
ottava Latin term for octave
WWHWWWH
part method See phrase method
major third an interval consisting of four half steps
partner songs two or more songs that share an
major triad a triad that consists of the intervals
identical harmonic structure and can be performed
of a major third on the bottom and a minor third
simultaneously
on the top
patsching the hitting or patting of the knees or thighs
maracas gourds that contain dried seeds that produce
with the hands; used as a readiness activity for mallet
a rattling sound when shaken
techniques
measure the space between two bar lines
pentatonic a scale consisting of a sequence of fi ve
melodic interval the distance in pitch between two tones within the octave
notes sounded consecutively
percussion family the largest family in the symphony
melody a linear succession of sounds and silences orchestra; includes instruments of both defi nite and
ordered in time indefi nite pitch
Glossary
4
phonation the process of producing sound rhythm sticks long, narrow, cylindrical pieces of wood
that are hit together to produce sound
phrase a musical line that contains a coherent
grouping of pitches, similar to a sentence in language rondo a form consisting of an original theme which
which contains a coherent grouping of words always returns after each digression or contrasting
theme; usually symbolized by ABACA or ABACABA
phrase method an imitative process used in teaching
songs that are longer, more complex, and not easily root the tone upon which a chord is built in thirds;
learned after one or two hearings; part method bottom tone of a triad
pick-up the incomplete measure of one or more notes rote learning an imitative process through which
found at the beginning of a composition; also called an children learn to speak, sing, or move
anacrusis
round a canon in which each performer returns to the
pitch the relative highness or lowness of a beginning of the song after its conclusion
musical sound
rubric guideline for assessment
polyphonic texture two or more independent melodic sand blocks blocks of wood, covered with sand paper,
lines sounding simultaneously, causing harmony to that are rubbed against one another to produce sound
result between the horizontal lines
scale an orderly ascending or descending arrangement
portamento a sliding technique used when playing the of pitches within the limits of an octave
trombone
secondary chords chords built on the second, third,
prestissimo a tempo marking designating a pace that sixth, and seventh scale degrees
is as fast as possible
section the result of musical phrases being combined
presto v ery fast pace into a larger unit
primary chords the tonic, subdominant, and set formation a predetermined position in line, circle,
dominant chords and square dances
program music music intended to suggest images, seventh chord a chord containing four pitches
incidents, or people
sforzando a musical symbol requiring a sudden, strong
quadruple meter a time signature having a top accent on the note above it: S
number divisible by four: 4/4, 4/8, 4/2
sharp a symbol that raises the pitch of a note one-half
ragtime a musical form or style that is characterized step: #
by a syncopated melody over a regular, march-like
simple meter a time signature in which the upper
bass line
number is a 2, 3, or 4 and the beat note is divisible into
range the span of the highest to the lowest pitch in a two equal parts, creating a ratio of 2:1
melody, or that which defi nes the capacity of a voice or
skip a distance larger than an interval of a second
instrument
between two consecutive pitches
ratchet a miniature, machine-like instrument that
slapstick a paddle-like instrument made of two pieces
produces a raspy, grinding sound
of wood hinged together; when slapped together, the
refrain the same melody and words sung after each sound of a whip results
verse of a song
sleigh bells bells attached to a handle or a piece
registers the different portions of the vocal range, of material; when shaken, they produce a jingling
which are marked by differences in vibration rate sound
relative keys a name given to a major and a minor key slit drum a drum carved out of a log. It usually has
using the same key signature three slits
repetition restating the same note or notes on slur a curved line connecting two or more notes
the staff having different pitch names
resonator bells individual metal bars tuned to each solfège syllables syllables that represent scale tones:
tone of the chromatic scale; each bar is mounted on a do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti
block of wood and resonates when struck by a mallet
solmization a technique that involves assigning
rests music symbols used to represent silence solfège syllables to scale tones
rhythm varied lengths of sound or silence over an soprano the highest female voice classifi cation
underlying beat
specific objective precise and clear objectives usually
rhythmic ostinato short, repeated rhythm patterns present in day-to-day lesson planning and providing
used to accompany speech, songs, other rhythms, the basis for evaluation of both the teaching and the
instrument playing, or movement learning processes
Glossary
5
