Table Of ContentStuart B. Kahn
Rachel Yinfei Xu
Editors
Musculoskeletal Sports
and Spine Disorders
A Comprehensive Guide
123
Musculoskeletal Sports and Spine Disorders
Stuart B. Kahn • Rachel Yinfei Xu
Editors
Musculoskeletal Sports and
Spine Disorders
A Comprehensive Guide
Editors
Stuart B. Kahn Rachel Yinfei Xu
Department of Orthopedics Department of Anesthesiology
Mount Sinai School of Medicine Univ. of Texas Health Sci. Ctr.
New York, NY San Antonio, Texas
USA USA
ISBN 978-3-319-50510-7 ISBN 978-3-319-50512-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50512-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017943042
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
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Preface
With this textbook, it is the goal of this author to provide a tool that can help its readers better
diagnose and manage a multitude of musculoskeletal disorders and sports injuries. The pro-
posed audience of primary care physicians, physiatrists practicing musculoskeletal medicine,
first-line providers to musculoskeletal practices, and physical therapists and trainers will have
access to this basic and intermediate-level resource for common pain conditions plaguing the
human musculoskeletal system.
As a long-term practitioner in interventional spine, pain medicine, and musculoskeletal
medicine at an academic institution, I found there was a lack of simple, organized texts that
combined easy-to-use differential diagnostic workups that recommended gold standard evalu-
ations to lead to a simple and accurate diagnosis, followed by first-line treatment options. To
make the text more user-friendly, I have organized it by body regions covering as many condi-
tions as seemed necessary from head to toe, to make it a complete reference. This text can be
used as a primary learning tool or a quick reference left in the clinic to refer to between
patients.
As with all potential real-life clinical settings, there are always issues that can cause practi-
tioners greater concern or lead a clinician to require clinical assistance. These “red flag” situa-
tions are addressed in each chapter. Recommendations for immediate emergent intervention
and/or further consultation are included in the teachings of the subject matter.
Hopefully, by utilizing this text, the readers will have an enjoyable learning experience that
leads to a clinical knowledge base that is useful and helpful for their patients.
It is my goal to have this book become a common resource for those practicing musculo-
skeletal medicine.
New York, NY, USA Stuart B. Kahn
v
Contents
Part I Head and Neck
1 Headaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ann H. Lichtenstein and Kirk Lercher
2 Concussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Elizabeth Adamov and Heidi N. Fusco
3 Occipital Neuralgia and Suboccipital Pain Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Elizabeth Adamov and Heidi N. Fusco
4 Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Elizabeth Adamov and Heidi N. Fusco
5 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Arpit A. Patel and Chandani Patel
6 Acute Torticollis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Justin Thottam and Ajendra Sohal
7 Cervical Strain and Myofascial Pain Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Atira H. Kaplan and Jennifer Halstead-Kenny
Part II Upper Extremity
8 Acute Brachial Radiculitis (Parsonage- Turner Syndrome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mike Mizrahi and David A. Spinner
9 Stingers and Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Adam Lewno and Matthew Maxwell
10 Subacromial Bursitis and Impingement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Rakhi Garg Sutaria and Ravi B. Sutaria
11 Rotator Cuff Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Abir Naguib Abdallah and Se Won Lee
12 Adhesive Capsulitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Elizabeth Adamov and Svetlana Ilizarov
13 Glenohumeral Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Daniel Grabarek
14 Labral Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Anish Mirchandani and Jaspal Ricky Singh
15 Glenohumeral Joint Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Mona Mirchandani and Shailaja Kalva
vii
viii Contents
16 Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Rakhi Garg Sutaria
17 Biceps Tendinitis (Proximal and Distal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Matthew T. Drakeley and Eric R. Helm
18 Lateral Epicondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Thomas Riolo and Aleksandr Levchenko
19 Medial Epicondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Lauren Mary Terranova
20 Olecranon Bursitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Archana Chand and Thomas Pobre
21 Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow (Cubital Tunnel Syndrome) . . . . . . . . . 101
Ashley Zakhary and Lyn Weiss
22 Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Wrist (Guyon’s Canal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Pegah Dehghan and Farshad Adib
23 Traumatic Wrist Sprain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Niña Carmela R. Tamayo and Natalie Hyppolite
24 Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Eric Yuan
25 De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Laurentiu I. Dinescu, Mohammad Aalai, and Xiaoli Wang
26 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Robert Andrews, Adam Isaacson, and Daniel Kanzer
27 Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Jeanette R. Stitik, Jay M. Shah, Todd P. Stitik, and Kishan A. Sitapara
28 Scaphoid Fracture and Avascular Necrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Trishla Reddy Kanthala, Anup H. Patel, and Lyn Weiss
29 Kienböck’s Disease (Lunate Fracture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Lincy Thadathil
30 Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Lisanne C. Cruz and Joseph Herrera
31 Trigger Finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Yousaf Chowdhry, Asif Chowdhry, and Thomas Pobre
32 Mallet Finger and Jersey Finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Fairen Walker-McCarter and Jeffery Fine
33 Boutonniere Deformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Alfred Castillo and Alex Moroz
Part III Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis
34 Pectoralis Major and Minor Strains and Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Andrea J. Cordova, Hana F. Azizi, and Stephanie Rand
35 Sternoclavicular Joint Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Anokhi Mehta and Svetlana Ilizarov
Contents ix
36 Costochondritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Arlene Lazaro and Mohamed S. Ahmed
37 Musculoskeletal Chest Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Haresh Sampathkumar, Chris Thomas, and Eduardo Lopez
38 Ilioinguinal, Iliohypogastric, and Genitofemoral Nerve Pain Syndromes . . . . . 179
Ashish Kumar and Mohammad Zaidi
39 Inguinal Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Ravi B. Sutaria
40 Femoral Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Bo Cui and Ajendra Sohal
41 Sports Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Vince Si and Alex Moroz
42 Blunt Abdominal Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Haresh Sampathkumar and Eduardo Lopez
43 Myofascial Chronic Pelvic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Roshni Durgam, Phuong Uyen Le, and Abhilash Durgam
Part IV Lower Extremity
44 Hip Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Gavriil Ilizarov and Svetlana Ilizarov
45 Hip Avascular Necrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Joseph Riley and Wayne Stokes
46 Labral Tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Gavriil Ilizarov and Svetlana Ilizarov
47 Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (Greater Trochanteric Bursitis) . . . . . . 217
Kevin H. Trinh
48 Gluteal Tendinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Wendy Luo and Ajendra Sohal
49 Ischial Tuberosity Bursitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Fairen Walker-McCarter and Jeffery Fine
50 Hamstring Tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Ajax Yang
51 Piriformis Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Mikiko Murakami and Jonathan Kirschner
52 Adductor Strain (Groin Strain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Roshni Durgam
53 Mononeuritis Multiplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Ravi B. Sutaria
54 Meralgia Paresthetica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Shervin Najafi and Santhosh A. Thomas
55 Iliotibial Band Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Jacob Peacock
x Contents
56 Knee Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Cynthia Hung and Mohamed S. Ahmed
57 Knee Instability and Dislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Fergie Ross Montero-Cruz and Natalie Hyppolite
58 Medial and Lateral Meniscal Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Ashley Zakhary and Lyn Weiss
59 Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tears . . . . . . . 265
Idris Amin and Alex Moroz
60 Prepatellar and Pes Anserine Bursitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Stephen Erosa, Samantha C. Erosa, and Kevin Sperber
61 Patella and Quadriceps Tendinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Abir Naguib Abdallah and Se Won Lee
62 Quadriceps Tears and Tendon Ruptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Ann H. Lichtenstein and Jeffery Fine
63 Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Idris Amin and Alex Moroz
64 Compartment Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Alfred Castillo, Jahnna Levy, and Wayne Stokes
65 Ankle Sprain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Brian Lee, Junghoon Choi, and Francis Lopez
66 Achilles Tendinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Ajax Yang
67 Achilles Tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Vince Si and Alex Moroz
68 Plantar Fasciitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Elizabeth Adamov and Jeffery Fine
69 Metatarsalgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Katherine Power and Stephanie Rand
70 Morton’s Neuroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Katherine Power and Stephanie Rand
71 Acute Gout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Stella Ferker and Adam Isaacson
72 Pes Planus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Niña Carmela R. Tamayo and Natalie Hyppolite
73 Pes Cavus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Hana F. Azizi, Andrea Cordova, and Stephanie Rand
74 Bunions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Brian Lee, Junghoon Choi, and Francis Lopez
75 Osteoarthritis of the First CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Sarabjeet Arneja
Contents xi
Part V Spine
76 Whiplash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Amir Mahajer and Ronald B. Tolchin
77 Facet-Mediated Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Ryan R. Ramsook and Thomas N. Bryce
78 Spondylosis with Generalized Degenerative Disk, Uncovertebral,
and Facet Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Jay M. Shah, Sayed Emal Wahezi, and Kyle Silva
79 Zygapophyseal (Facet) Pain Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
David E . Gutierrez and Sayed Emal Wahezi
80 Cervical Radiculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Kevin Bernard and Salvador E. Portugal
81 Cervical Myelopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Christopher V. Boudakian, Gregory P. Burkard Jr., and Jung H. Ahn
82 Cervical Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Ann H . Lichtenstein, Yakov Gologorsky, and Miguel X. Escalon
83 Thoracic Muscle Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Stephen Erosa, Samantha C. Erosa, and Kevin Sperber
84 Costovertebral Pain Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Stephen Erosa, Samantha C. Erosa, and Kevin Sperber
85 Intercostal Pain Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Sunil Thomas and Francis Lopez
86 Thoracic Radiculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Dimir Abrar, Justen Elbayar, Daniel Kao, and Fahad Khan
87 Spondylosis and Spondylolisthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Sunil Thomas and Francis Lopez
88 Acute Pars Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Steven Ross, Kevin Bernard, and Charles Kim
89 Compression Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Joseph Riley and Wayne Stokes
90 Thoracic Myelopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Gregory P. Burkard Jr., Christopher V. Boudakian, and Jung H. Ahn
91 Lumbosacral Muscle Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Nicholas R. Beatty and James F. Wyss
92 Ligamentous Injury: Sacroiliac Joint and Iliolumbar Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Thomas P. Lione and Steve M. Aydin
93 Acute Facet Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Adam J. Susmarski and Eric R. Helm
94 Chronic Facet Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Akshay S. Garg, Ravi S. Vaswani, and Yury Khelemsky
