Multiword Expressions Acquisition: A Generic and Open Framework

233 Pages·2015·3.35 MB·English

by  Carlos Ramisch (auth.)

Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing
Monographs
Carlos Ramisch
Multiword
Expressions
Acquisition
A Generic and Open Framework
Theory and Applications
of Natural Language Processing
Series Editors:
GraemeHirst
JuliaHirschberg
EduardHovy
Mark Johnson
AimsandScope
The field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has expanded explosively over the past
decade: growing bodies of available data, novel fieldsof applications, emerging areas and
newconnectionstoneighboringfieldshaveallledtoincreasingoutputandtodiversification
ofresearch.
“TheoryandApplicationsofNaturalLanguageProcessing”isaseriesofvolumesdedicated
toselectedtopicsinNLPandLanguageTechnology.Itfocusesonthemostrecentadvances
inallareasofthecomputationalmodelingandprocessingofspeechandtextacrosslanguages
and domains. Due to the rapid pace of development, the diversity of approaches and
application scenarios are scattered in an ever-growing mass of conference proceedings,
making entry into the field difficult for both students and potential users. Volumes in the
seriesfacilitatethisfirststepandcanbeusedasateachingaid,advanced-level information
resourceorapointofreference.
The series encourages the submission of research monographs, contributed volumes and
surveys,lecturenotesandtextbookscoveringresearchfrontiersonallrelevanttopics,offering
aplatform for the rapid publication of cutting-edge research as well as for comprehensive
monographsthatcoverthefullrangeofresearchonspecificproblemareas.
The topics include applications of NLP techniques to gain insights into the use and
functioningoflanguage,aswellastheuseoflanguagetechnologyinapplicationsthatenable
communication,knowledgemanagementanddiscoverysuchasnaturallanguagegeneration,
informationretrieval,question-answering,machinetranslation,localizationandrelatedfields.
Thebooksareavailableinprintedandelectronic(e-book)form:
* DownloadableonyourPC,e-readeroriPad
* Enhanced by Electronic Supplementary Material, such as algorithms, demonstrations,
software,imagesandvideos
* Available online withinan extensive network of academic and corporate R&D libraries
worldwide
* Neveroutofprintthankstoinnovativeprint-on-demandservices
* Competitively priced print editions for eBook customers thanks to MyCopy service
http://www.springer.com/librarians/e-content/mycopy
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesat
http://www.springer.com/series/8899
Carlos Ramisch
Multiword Expressions
Acquisition
A Generic and Open Framework
123
CarlosRamisch
AixMarseilleUniversity
Marseille
France
ISSN2192-032X ISSN2192-0338(electronic)
ISBN978-3-319-09206-5 ISBN978-3-319-09207-2(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-09207-2
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014950798
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection
with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of
this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the
Publisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.
PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violations
areliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor
anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with
respecttothematerialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
To myparents

Preface
Theworkdescribedinthisbookwasmostlycarriedoutbetween2009and2012in
Grenoble(France)andPortoAlegre(Brazil)aspartofmyPhD.1Fortheirguidance
and support, I would like to thank my advisers, Aline Villavicencio and Christian
Boitet, who are true inspirationsfor me. I would also like to thankthe colleagues
oftheFederalUniversityofRioGrandedoSul(UFRGS) andoftheUniversityof
Grenoble.IthankEricWehrliandGaëlDiasfortheircommentsandsuggestionsas
rapporteursof my thesis, as well as the othermembersof the jury:Yves Lepage,
HelenadeMedeirosCaseli,RosaVicari,RenataVieiraandMathieuMangeot.Iam
thankful to my Springer editor, Federica Corradi dell Acqua, and the anonymous
reviewers,whoprovidedconstructivefeedbackandhelpedimprovemywork.
Thisbookisnotasmuchapersonalachievementasitistheresultofacollective
effort.Therefore,Iamgratefultothepeoplewhocontributedtoit,inparticularthe
co-authorsof papersdiscussed in this book:Aline Villavicencio,Christian Boitet,
MagaliSanchesDuran,EvitaLinardaki,MathieuMangeot,CassiaTrojahndosSan-
tos,RenataVieira,SandraMariaAluísio,MariaJoséFinatto,RogerGranada,Marco
Idiart,LuceleneLopes,HelenadeMedeirosCaseli,LaurentBesacierandAlexander
Kobzar. I had interesting discussionsand receivedvaluable suggestionsfrom Em-
manuelle Esperança-Rodier, Paulo Schreiner, Rodrigo Wilkens, Valérie Bellynck,
Sara Stymne, Lucia Specia, Agata Savary, Violeta Seretan, Dimitra Anastasiou,
PreslavNakov,PaulCook,KyoKageura,FrancescaBoninandMuntsaPadró.
Manyimprovementsinthemwetoolkitwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithout
the help of Sandra Castellanos, Maitê Dupont, Vitor De Araujo and Alexander
Kobzar.IamspeciallyindebtedtoVitorforhisprogrammingskillsandperspicacity.
I would like to express my gratitude to all the anonymoususers who downloaded
the mwetoolkit and also to the non-anonymous ones who provided me with
1Funding:FrenchMinistryofHigherEducation&Research,CAMELEON(CAPES-COFECUB
707-11),AIM-WEST(FAPERGS-INRIA1706-2551/13-7),LIG,PPGCUFRGS,LICIAlab.
vii
viii Preface
valuablefeedback:SpenceGreen,JulienCorman,AgnèsTutin,OlivierKraif,Cleci
Bevilacqua,AnnaMaciel,GuilhermePilottiandLisKenashiro.
Fortheirhelpasproofreaders,IthankmysisterRenataandmypartnerAntoine.
Along with the other members of my family and my friends, they have been
extremely patient and supportive, particularly during the redaction of my thesis.
Thisbookisdedicatedtomyparents,whoareunconditionalfans,andespeciallyto
myfather,whoalwayssaidIshouldwriteabooksomeday.
Marseille,France CarlosRamisch
April2014
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................. 1
1.1 Motivations............................................................. 1
1.1.1 WhatAreMultiwordExpressions?........................... 1
1.1.2 WhyDoTheyMatter?......................................... 4
1.1.3 WhatHappensIfWeIgnoreThem? .......................... 7
1.2 ANewFrameworkforMWETreatment.............................. 9
1.2.1 Hypotheses..................................................... 9
1.2.2 Goals ........................................................... 10
1.2.3 GuidingPrinciples............................................. 11
1.3 ChaptersOutline........................................................ 14
1.4 Summary................................................................ 16
References..................................................................... 17
PartI MultiwordExpressions:AToughNuttoCrack
2 DefinitionsandCharacteristics............................................. 23
2.1 ABriefHistory......................................................... 23
2.1.1 TheoreticalLinguistics........................................ 24
2.1.2 ComputationalLinguistics .................................... 26
2.2 DefiningMWEs ........................................................ 28
2.2.1 WhatIsaWord?............................................... 28
2.2.2 WhatIsaMWE? .............................................. 29
2.2.3 ANoteonTerminology....................................... 31
2.3 CharacteristicsandCharacterisations ................................. 34
2.3.1 TheCompositionalityContinuum ............................ 34
2.3.2 DerivedMWEProperties...................................... 36
2.3.3 ExistingMWETypologies.................................... 39
2.3.4 ASimplifiedTypology ........................................ 41
ix