Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiments to Phenomenology, Modelling and Materials Engineering

529 Pages·2000·37.95 MB·English

by  Mrs. P. Cahn (auth.)

Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity:
From Experiments to Phenomenology,
Modelling and Materials Engineering
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Series E: Applied Sciences - Vol. 367
Multiscale Phenomena in
Plasticity:
From Experiments to Phenomenology,
Modelling and Materials Engineering
edited by
Joel Lepinoux
LMP, Universite de Poitiers,
Futuroscope, France
Dominique Maziere
INSTN, CEA Saclay,
Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Vassilis Pontikis
LSI, Ecole Polytechnique,
Palaiseau, France
and
Georges Saada
LEM-ONERA,
Châtillon-sous-Bagneux, France
l1li...
"
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiment to Phenomenology
Ouranoupolis, Greace
8-19 September 1999
A C.I. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-6252-4 ISBN 978-94-011-4048-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4048-5
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
@20oo Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2000
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or
by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Foreword ix
1. INTRODUCTION
Historical aspects of an encounter and of a longlived relation-ship
Mrs. P Cahn 3
Historical overview
R.W Cahn 7
2. MECHANISMS OF CRYSTALS PLASTICITY
From the physics of plastic flow to constitutive equations
G. Saada 23
Thermal activation in plastic deformation
G. Schoeck 33
Multiplication, mobility and exhaustion of dislocations
J. Bonneville and J.-L. Martin 57
High temperature deformation
P Lukas 67
Fatigue and associated microstructural aspects:
Atomistically based multiscale modelling
0. B. Pedersen 83
Mechanical properties of solid solutions and related topics
H. Neuhauser 99
Possible mechanisms for dislocations multiplication at, or close to, a
crack tip
G. Michot, H. Azzouzi, N. Maloufi, M.A. Loyola de Oliveira,
C. Scandian and A. George 117
Deformation of thin films and multi layers
F Spaepen, D. Y W Yu lind H. Huang 127
vi
A dislocation-based model for variant selection during the y-to-a
transformation of hot rolled austenite
J J Jonas and N.J Wittridge 143
3. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Defonnation and surface morphology
H. Neuhauser 159
Detennination of internal stresses
T. Ungar 169
In situ straining experiments in T.E.M.: Application to the study of
high perfonnance materials
A. Couret. J Crestou. D. Caillard. N. Clement. A. Coujou and
G. Mo!enat 185
Analysis of the structure and chemistry of crystalline defects by TEM
J M. Penisson 195
Interfacial and junction line defect analysis for plasticity investigations
Th. Karakostas. G.P' Dimitrakopulos, JG. Antonopoulos and R.C. Pond 205
Electron microscopy studies of defects in defonned hexagonal materials
Ph. Komninou. Th. Kehagias. Th. Karakostas. JG. Antonopoulos.
T. Braisaz. G. Nouet and A. Serra 215
Conjunction of experimental approaches: the relevant choice
M. Verdier 227
4. MICROSCOPIC AND MESOSCOPIC MODELLING
Electronic structure: from bonding to mechanical properties
F Ducastelle 239
Connecting the micro to the mesoscale : review and specific examples
VV Bu/atov 259
An introduction to the molecular-dynamics simulation of materials
S.R. Phil/pot 271
Cross slip in the face centred cubic structure: an atomistic approach
T. Rasmussen 281
Elemental mechanisms of plasticity: a numerical study at the
atomistic scale
A. As/anitles and V Pontikis 293
vii
Plasticity of metals during cold working
E.F Rauch 303
Atypical plastic properties of Ni3Al alloys studied by dislocation
dynamics simulations
B. Devincre 319
Nanoindentation: from experiments to 3D simulations
M.C Fivel 329
Constitutive modelling of plastic flow
Y Estrin 339
Modelling Brittle-Ductile Transitions
S. G. Roberts 349
5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Hydrogen effects on plasticity
H.K. Birnbaum, I.M. Robertson and P Sojronis 367
Mechanism of liquid metal embrittlement by simple experiments:
from atomistics to life-time
E.E. Glickman 383
Grain boundary embrittlement by liquid metals
E. Rabkin 403
From anisotropy of grain boundary segregation to grain boundary
design for polycristals
P Lejcek 415
Stress corrosion cracking: an electrochemist point of view
D. Gorse 425
Plastic flow of amorphous materials during ion bombardment
s.L. Klaumiinzer 441
6. MATERIALS
Materials and process selection for structural applications
YJM. Brechet, D. Landru, L. Salvo und D. Bassetti 453
The flow strength anomaly in metals and intermetallic com-pounds
M..! Mills 469
viii
Dislocation plasticity in ceramic materials
J Rabier 479
Superplastic behaviour of micro- and nanograined materials
R.Z. Valiev 491
Deformation of minerals, applications in geophysics
S. Mackwell. I. Stretton and P Cordier 507
List of Speakers 519
Subject Index 527
Partners / Sponsors 529
FOREWORD
A profusion of research and results on the mechanical behaviour of crystalline solids
has followed the discovery of dislocations in the early thirties. This trend has been
enhanced by the development of powerful experimental techniques. particularly X ray
diffraction. transmission and scanning electron microscopy. microanalysis. The
technological advancement has given rise to the study of various and complex
materials. not to speak of those recently invented. whose mechanical properties need to
be mastered. either for their lise as structural materials. or more simply for detenllining
their fonnability processes.
As is often the case this fast growth has been diverted both by the burial of early
fundamental results which are rediscovered more or less accurately. and by the too fast
publication of inaccurate results. which propagate widely. and are accepted without
criticism. Examples of these statements abound. and will not be quoted here for the
sake of dispassionateness.
Understanding the mechanical properties of materials implies the use of various
experimental techniques. combined with a good theoretical knowledge of elasticity.
thermodynamics and solid state physics. The recent development of various computer
techniques (simulation. ab initio calculations) has added to the difficulty of gathering
the experimental information. and mastering the theoretical understanding. No
laboratory is equipped with all the possible experimental settings. almost no scientist
masters all this theoretical kno\vledge. Therefore. cooperation between scientists is
needed more than even before.
The Nato Advanced Study Institute (ASI) " Multiscale phenomena in plasticity: from
experiment to phenomenology ". held in Ouranoupolis (Greece) September 8-19. 1999.
was organised in this purpose. This volume collects the various contributions to this
summer school. It provided the opportunity for material scientists. geophysicists and
physicists of 24 countries to cover the broad field or crystal plasticity from the physics
of plastic flow to constitutive equations. from the atomic. to microscopic scale. from
electronic structure effects to material engineering.
The main difficulty in running such a summer school lies in the wide variety of
phenomena which must be considered. and as a result. the wide variety of methods.
and concepts. the increasing sophistication of experimental techniques.
The above remarks have laid down the choice of the themes and the lecturers.
beginning by the necessity of a short historical survey of the early developments in
crystal plasticity.
The problem raised by the various scales of the physical phenomena occurring during
plastic flow have been reviewed from the atomic level to the constitutive laws. from the
theoretical as well as from the experimental side. The fact that a few meetings
ix
x
occurring in the year 2000 have chosen some ASI lecturers on exactly the same
subjects continn tlle organisers in the relevance of their choice
The fundamentals of plastic flow. as well as more specific classical problems have been
revisited witll the purpose of displaying the impact of recent experimental
breakthrough on the tlleoretical formulation. New developments such as constrained
plasticity. indentation, have been also addressed.
The importance of atomic scale phenomena on the mechanical behaviour at a
macroscopic level has been demonstrated for example in the case of cross-slip. and its
influence on fatigue processes. or in the description of the effect of hydrogen on
ductility. These developments have emphasised the importance of the numerical
methods used to connect the various scales. and shown that much remains to be done
in this field. Classical fundamental problems such as the brittle to ductile transition
have been described both by experimentalists and theorists. The same can be said of
constrained defonnation or heterogeneous deformation.
In the same spirit. the lectures and seminars have described plastic flow phenomena in
various structures: metals. new alloys. ceramics. geological materials. amorphous
solids.
Although corrosion phenomena are an important issue in tlle implementation of
materials. the methods used by scientists (and engineers) studying plastic flow differ so
much from the methods of corrosion specialists. that the two communities have almost
no chance to meet. Special emphasis has been put on this theme.
Finally applied science has not been forgotten. Besides being the subject of specific
lectures, the relation to industrial problems was addressed in most of the more general
lectures.
Our deep appreciation goes to Michele Cottin who has efficiently handled
organizational aspects since the very beginning of our project of a school on plastic
defonnation. till these last moments of collaboration typing this foreword. It would be
unfair not to mention P. Veyssiere who has volunteered for the unrewarding task of
organizing the collection and reviewing of contributed articles and the numerous
participants and friends tl13t transfonned our efforts into a successful scientific
meeting.
Moreover it must be said that organizing this ASI would have been impossible without
the generous support under various fonns from national and international research and
science organizations. The directors are grateful to them for having contributed to the
realisation of this high level school.
Saclay. on December 10th. 1999
T. Karakostas. P. Komninou. P. Lejcek, 1. Lepinoux,
D. Maziere. V. Pontikis. G. Saada.