multinational operations, alliances, and international military cooperation

237 Pages·2007·1.45 MB·English

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Multinational operations,
alliances, and international
Military cooperation
past and Future
Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the
Partnership for Peace Consortium’s
Military History Working Group
Vienna, Austria
4–8 April 2005
Edited by Robert S. Rush and William W. Epley
CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY
UNITED STATES ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 2006
CMH Pub 70–101–1
First Printing
publisher’s Foreword
The U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH) is pleased to publish
the proceedings from the fifth annual international workshop held in Vienna,
Austria, by the Partnership for Peace Consortium’s Military History Working
Group (MHWG), 4–8 April 2005. The workshop was titled “Multinational
Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation: Past and Fu-
ture,” and its papers represent the official military history scholarship from
eleven countries.
Military cooperation and alliances have always been an important aspect
of the study of military history, and the MHWG seminars reflect the strong
scholarly cooperation among the group’s members. Annually for the past
five years, representatives of the most prominent military history offices have
gathered in these seminars to examine and discuss some particularly significant
aspects of military history. In 2005 the participants focused on alliances and
military cooperation, a topic of vital importance in an increasingly complex
international environment. Examining historical antecedents in a cooperative
forum, such as that offered by the MHWG seminars, will lead to a better un-
derstanding of these challenges.
Particular recognition and thanks go to workshop host General Raimund
Schittenhelm, commandant of the Austrian National Defense Academy; and
cochairs Erwin A. Schmidl, Austrian National Defense Academy, and Ronald
G. Haycock, Royal Military College of Canada.
As a participant in this seminar and a long-time supporter of the working
group, CMH was extraordinarily pleased both with the intellectual depth and
diversity of the papers presented and with the teamwork and camaraderie that
emerged within the seminar over the several days of its duration. We truly
hope that this example will be an inspiration for many productive historical
enterprises in the future. Mutual understanding is the first step toward friend-
ship among our many partners around the globe.
Jeffrey J. Clarke
Chief of Military History
United States Army
June 2006
iii

Workshop Host’s Foreword
It is with particular pleasure that I am able to present this compendium of
papers presented in the course of the fifth workshop organized by the Partner-
ship for Peace Consortium’s Military History Working Group.
In 1995 Austria joined both the European Union and the NATO Partnership
for Peace program, and has been active in both fields. The National Defense
Academy has participated in many forums in the Consortium of Defense
Academies and Security Studies Institutes because, in the “globalized” envi-
ronment of today, international cooperation more than ever is key to success.
And what better form of international academic cooperation can we think of
than to have scholars, officers, and historians of countries that were enemies
not so long ago come together jointly to examine our common past?
The topic of this conference holds particular importance today. Unfortu-
nately, the end of the Cold War in 1989–1991 failed to bring universal peace.
On the contrary, crises and conflicts have erupted all over the globe, and the
international community has had to assist many times to end wars, to stabilize
countries, and to implement conditions that could serve as a basis for peace
in the future.
In our fast-moving times, past experience and lessons are quickly forgot-
ten, and there are tendencies to reinvent the wheel. Examining the outcome
of earlier operations, therefore, is not just of interest for armchair strategists
or for historians; it also provides many vital tools for planning and executing
future missions.
It is my pleasure and privilege to invite you to read this volume of papers
presented at the workshop in Vienna.
General Raimund Schittenhelm
Commandant, Austrian National Defense Academy
Vienna
March 2006


contents
Page
Summary of Proceedings .............................................................................. 3
Part One—From the Seventeenth Century to the Great War
The Carpathian-Danubian Principalities’ Military Alliances in the
Seventeenth Century, Sergiu Iosipescu ................................................ 13
A Study of Sovereign States in Coalition Warfare: The Confederate
States of America—A Lesson in Principle over Practicality,
Robert S. Rush ...................................................................................... 21
The Relations Between the German Imperial Navy and the K.u.K.
Austro-Hungarian Navy, 1871–1914, Rüdiger Schiel .......................... 29
The Alliance Proving Grounds: Canada in the Anglo-Boer War and the
Great War, Ronald G. Haycock ............................................................ 39
The Dual Alliance and Austria-Hungary’s Balkan Policy,
Ferenc Pollmann .................................................................................. 47
The International Expedition in China, 1900–1901: The Concept of a
Sole Command, Emmanuelle Braud .................................................... 53
Part Two—The Inter-War Years, World War II, and the Cold War
In the Shadow of the Great Allies: Romanian-Italian Relations, 1919–
1927, Petre Otu .................................................................................... 61
Munich 1938: A Failure To Honor Treaty Obligations,
Thomas S. C. Garrett ............................................................................ 69
Bulgaria’s Preordained Choice in 1941 and 1944,
Anatoliy Prokopiev .............................................................................. 77
ii
Page
From Isolation to Intervention: Anglo-Canadian Defense Relations
from the Canadian Perspective, 1935–1939,
B. J. C. McKercher ............................................................................... 85
Soviet Impact on the Czechoslovak Armed Forces,
Mikhail Stefanski .................................................................................. 93
From Commands to Coordination: Defense Industry Cooperation
within the Member-States of the Warsaw Pact, 1956–1965,
Pál Germuska ..................................................................................... 101
The German-Japanese Naval Alliance in World War II: Genesis and
Extent of a Challenge to Anglo-Saxon Predominance at Sea,
Johannes Berthold Sander-Nagashima .............................................. 109
Part Three—The Cold War
Hungary’s Role at the Birth of the Warsaw Pact,
Tamás Nagy ........................................................................................ 119
The Contribution of the Hellenic Navy to NATO’s Geostrategy,
Andreas Toussas ................................................................................ 125
The Fourth Republic and the Korean War: A French Contribution to the
Cold War, 1950–1954, Olivier Lahaie ............................................... 131
Cooperation Beyond the Iron Curtain: The Relations Between Romania
and the United States During the 1960s and 1970s,
Carmen Rijnoveanu ............................................................................ 139
Security Through Flexibility? The Federal Republic of Germany and
the Change of NATO Strategy in the 1960s,
Dieter Krüger ..................................................................................... 147
Canadian NATO Mutual Aid and the Reinvigoration of the Hyde Park
Agreement: A Multilateral Program in the Interest of Bilateral De-
fense Trade, Michael A. Hennessy ..................................................... 157
Austria as a Theater of Operations in the Strategic Plans of the Warsaw
Pact, János Jakus ................................................................................ 167
iii