Multilayered aquifer systems : fundamentals and applications

399 Pages·2000·26.398 MB·English

by  A H -D Cheng

Multilayered
Aquifer Systems
Civil and Environmental Engineering
A Series of Reference Booksa nd Textbooks
Editor
Michael D. Meyer
Dqartmq f Cid and E m i ~E qgklwriq
Georgia Instituteo f Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
1. Preliminary Design of Bridges for Architects and Engineers
Michele Melaragno
2. Concrete Formwork Systems
Awad S. Hama
3. Multilayered Aquifer Systems: Fundamentals and Applica-
tions
Alexander H.-D.C heng
4. Matrix Analysis of Structural Dynamics: Applications and
Earthquake Engineering
Franklin Y. Cheng
Additional Volumes in Production
Multilayered
Aauifer Svstems
1 J
Fundamentals and Applications
Alexander H.-D. Cheng
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
MARCEL
MARCELD EKKERIN,C . NEWY ORK BASEL
DEKKER
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cheng, A. H.-D.
Multilayered aquifer systems: fhdamentals and applications/ Alexander H.-D.
Cheng.
p. cm. -( Civil and environmental engineering; 3)
Includes bibliographical references( p. ).
ISBN 0-8247-9875-9 (alk. paper)
1 .Aquifers-Mathematical models. 2. Groundwater flow-Mathematical
models. I. Title. 11. Series.
GB1 199 .C54 2000
628.1'14-4~21 1596 00-03
This book is printed on acid-ffeep aper.
Headquarters
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
270 Madison Avenue, New YorNk,Y 1001 6
tel: [phone]; fax: [phone]
Eastern Hemisphere Distribution
Marcel DekkerA G
Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
tel: [phone]; fax: [phone]
World Wide Web
http://www.dekker.com
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For
moirne f ormatiown ,r ittoe Special SalesProfessionMa l arketing at the
headquarters address above.
Copyright 0 2000 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduceodr transmitted in any formo r by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfihg, and
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
Current printing (last digit)
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
To
Daisy, Jackie, and Julia
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Preface
The non-equilibrium pumping well solution for a single-layer aquifer
was presented by C.V. Theis in 1935. The solution came as a recogni-
tion of an analogy between heat flow and porous medium flow, much
as Forchheimer understood it some fifty years ago for the steady state
case. Since the 1930s, the Theis theory has been widely accepted in
field practice.
Jacob in the 1940s, and Jacob and Hantushin the 1950s, extended
Theis’ work to the leaky aquifer theory, further considering the flow
exchange of an aquifer with its adjacent layers. Many other refine-
ments, such as delayed yield in phreatic aquifers, partially penetrat-
ing wells, and well storage followed.H owever, the formalism of a
multilayered aquifer system, taking into account storage as well as
hydraulic conductivity for all layers, was not introduced until 1969 by
the simultaneous efforts of Neuman and Witherspoon, and Herrera.
Since the 1970s, part of the leaky aquifer theory of Hantush and
Jacob has become standard instructional material. Them ultilayered
aquifert h eoryo, n theo therh and,h as not gained appropriate
coverage in groundwater textbooks. The problem with its adoption
appears to stemf rom the mathematical difficulty in its presentation.
During the last several decades, the increase of humanw ater
consumption has accelerated the exploitation of groundwater from
deeper and deeper aquifers. As there exist interactions among aquifers
anda quitards, thesea djacent layers mustb es tudiedt ogether as
a system. As a consequence, the multilayered aquifer theoryh as
increasingly found more applications. To help groundwater profes-
V
vi Preface
sionals practicing the theory, and students entering thep rofession, a
systematic treatment of this material, in a textbook style presenta-
tion, has become necessary.
The first part of thisb ook,C hapters 1 through 8, is aimed at
providing a pedagogical presentation of the multilayered aquifer
theory. It takes a unified approach that builds up from the classi-
cal Theis theory step by step to the multilayer theory. A key to the
simplified mathematics that makes the unified presentation possible
is the use of an automated numerical Laplace inversion procedure.
To enabler eaders to apply the theory, two types of tools are
constructed-one based on the long-standing engineering compu-
tation tool, Fortran programs,a nd the other a new breed,m acro
packages for Mathematica"'" , a computer algebra software. Demon-
stration of the applications is found throughout the book.
In the second part of the book, Chapters 9 to 12, a few uncon-
ventional subjects are introduced. In view of their applications in
aquifer management, two chapters, one on sensitivity analysis and
the other on stochastic analysis, arep rovided. These are followed by
a chapter on parameter determination,u sing a computer automated,
nonlinear least square approachi,n place of the traditional type-curve
matching approach. Finally, a chapter on fractured aquifers is pre-
sented, due to the increasing exploitation of groundwater in these
non-traditional aquifers.
This book is primarily designed for practicing professionals as a
self-study and reference book. It contains ideas that are important
and are increasingly being applied, but are not covered in a tradi-
tional groundwater textbook. It can also be used as a textbook for
a graduate course. This book, however, should not be the first book
on groundwater that students are exposed to. Students need to gain
someq ualitativek nowledgeo ng roundwaterh ydrology,f or
which the current bookis not designed. However,i t can be used
as a supplement book in a first course.
In the first part of the book, efforts are made to keep the level
of mathematics low, suitable for an upperclass engineering student.
Prerequisitesi nclude calculus ando rdinary differential equations.
Readers also need to be familiar with the notations of pa.rtia1 dif-
ferential equations, but not with the methods for solving them.
Preface vii
I am indebted to a number of people who have helped in the
development of this book. I first learned about porous medium flow
from a courset akenw ith Professor Wilfred Brutsaert of Cornel1
University. Professor Jacob Bear’s books provided the basic and
advanced knowledgne e eded to undertakte h ips roject. I first
became aware of the multilayered aquifer theory in a seminar given
by Professor Ismael Herrera, an originator of the theory. I have since
become acquainted with Professor Herrera. My subsequent investi-
gation of the multilayered aquifer theory led to the completion of a
Master thesis by Mr. Kwotsong 011 and a Doctoral dissertation by
Dr. Olushola Morohunfola. Part of their work is incorporated herein.
Another former student, Dr. PastonS idauruk,c ontributed to the
Mathematica macro packages and assisted in the preparation of the
Parameter Determination chapter. Their contributions are gratefully
acknowledged.
A large part of the book was written while I was on a sabbati-
cal leave at the National Taiwan University. I would like to express
my sincere gratitude for the hospitality of the Department of Civil
Engineering at NTU, for the financial support of the National Sci-
ence Council, Ta.iwan, and particularly for the sponsorship of my
host Professor Der-Liang (Frank) Young. Several colleagues, Profes-
sors Ismael Herrera and Pual Imhoff and Dr. Yongke Mu, kindly
reviewed the draft of the book,a nd provided valuable comments
and corrections. The permission given by the authors of the book
Numerical Recipes to reprint three Fortran subroutines in Appendix
B is deeply appreciated. I also thank B.J. Clark at Marcel Dekker,
Inc. for his patient monitoring of my progress for two years.
Finally, my hearty gratitude goes to my wife Daisy, and daughters
Jacqueline and Julia, for enduring the separation of my sabbatical
leave, and the long hours that I spent working on this book.
Alexander H.-D. Cheng