Multidimensional Chromatography

444 Pages·2002·4.717 MB·English

by  Luigi Mondello, Alastair C. Lewis, Keith D. Bartle

Multidimensional Chromatography
Edited by Luigi Mondello,Alastair C. Lewis and Keith D. Bartle
Copyright ©2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBNs:0-471-98869-3 (Hardback); 0-470-84577-5 (Electronic)
Multidimensional Chromatography
Multidimensional
Chromatography
LUIGI MONDELLO
Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico,Università degli Studi di Messina,Italy
ALASTAIR C. LEWIS
School of Chemistry and School of the Environment,University of Leeds,UK
KEITH D. BARTLE
School of Chemistry,University of Leeds,UK
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mondello Luigi.
Multidimensional chromatography / Luigi Mondello,Alastair C. Lewis,Keith D. Bartle.
p. cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-471-98869-3
1. Chromatographic analysis. I. Lewis,Alastair C. II. Bartle,Keith D. III. Title.
QD79.C4 M65 2001
543(cid:2).089—dc21
2001046684
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 471 98869 3
Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Press (India) Limited,New Delhi
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd,Guildford and King’s Lynn.
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry,
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
CONTENTS
List of Contributors xi
Preface xiii
PART 1:GENERAL 1
1 Introduction 3
K.D. Bartle
1.1 Preamble 3
1.2 Packed Capillary Column and Unified Chromatography 4
1.3 Resolving Power of Chromatographic Systems 6
1.4 Two-Dimensional Separations 9
1.5 The Origins of Multidimensional Chromatography 12
Acknowledgements 13
References 13
2 Coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography with High
Resolution Gas Chromatography 17
L. Mondello
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Transfer Techniques 18
2.3 Vaporization with Hot Injectors 25
2.4 Transfer of Water-Containing Solvent Mixtures 28
2.5 Indirect Introduction of Water 31
2.6 Conclusions 38
References 42
3 Multidimensional High Resolution Gas Chromatography 47
A. C. Lewis
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Practical Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography 48
3.3 Practical Examples of Two-Dimensional Chromatography 57
3.4 Conclusions 72
References 72
4 Orthogonal GC–GC 77
P. J. Marriott
4.1 Introduction to Multidimensional Gas Chromatography 77
4.2 Introduction to GC (cid:3) GC Separation 80
vi Contents
4.3 Introduction to Modulation Technology 82
4.4 Orthogonality of Analysis 94
4.5 Quantitative Aspects 101
4.6 Future Opportunities and Challenges of GC (cid:3) GC Technology 104
Acknowledgements 106
References 106
5 Coupled-Column Liquid Chromatography 109
Claudio Corradini
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Theoretical Aspects 111
5.3 LC–LC Techniques 116
5.4 Conclusions 129
References 130
6 Supercritical Fluid Techniques Coupled with Chromatographic
Techniques 135
F. M. Lanças
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 On-Line Coupling of SFE with Chromatographic Techniques 138
6.3 SFE–GC 138
6.4 SPE–SFE–GC 139
6.5 SFE–SFC 141
6.6 SFE–LC 141
6.7 On-Line Coupling of Supercritical Fluid Extraction with
Capillary Electrodriven Separation Techniques (SFE–CESTs) 143
6.8 From Multidimensional to Unified Chromatography
Passing through Supercritical Fluids 147
References 147
7 Unified Chromatography:Concepts and Considerations for
Multidimensional Chromatography 151
T.L. Chester
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 The Phase Diagram View of Chromatography 153
7.3 Instrumentation 159
7.4 Advantages of and Challenges for Unified Chromatography
Techniques in Multidimensional Systems 162
7.5 Column Efficiency and Plate Heights in
Unified Chromatography 164
References 167
8 Multidimensional Planar Chromatography 171
Sz. Nyiredy
8.1 Introduction 171
8.2 Two-Dimensional or Multidimensional
Planar Chromatography? 172
Contents vii
8.3 Two-Dimensional Development on Single Layers 173
8.4 Methods for the Selection of Appropriate Mobile Phases 175
8.5 Two-Dimensional Development on Bilayers 176
8.6 Multiple Development in One,Two or Three Dimensions 177
8.7 Multiple Development in One Direction 178
8.8 Multiple Development in Two Dimensions 182
8.9 Multiple Development in Three Dimensions 184
8.10 Coupled Layers with Stationary Phases of Decreasing Polarity 186
8.11 Grafted Planar Chromatography 186
8.12 Serially Connected Multilayer Forced-Flow Planar
Chromatography 188
8.13 Combination of Multidimensional Planar
Chromatographic Methods 191
8.14 Coupling of Planar Chromatography with other
Chromatographic Techniques 193
8.15 Further Considerations 193
References 194
9 Multidimensional Electrodriven Separations 197
Martha M. Degen and Vincent T. Remcho
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Electrophoretic Separations 197
9.3 Comprehensive Separations 199
9.4 Planar Two-Dimensional Separations 200
9.5 Chromatography and Electrophoresis Combined in
Non-Comprehensive Manners 201
9.6 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Separations with
an Electrodriven Component 203
9.7 Microcolumn Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid
Chromatography–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 204
9.8 Microcolumn Size Exclusion
Chromatography–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 206
9.9 Packed Capillary Reverse Phase High Performance
Liquid Chromatography–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 207
9.10 Packed Capillary Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid
Chromatography–Fast Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 208
9.11 Three-Dimensional Size Exclusion Chromatography–
Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography–
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 209
9.12 Transparent Flow Grating Interface with Packed Capillary
High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Capillary
Zone Electrophoresis 210
9.13 Online Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid
Chromatography– Capillary Zone Electrophoresis–Mass
Spectrometry 211
viii Contents
9.14 The Future of Multidimensional Electrokinetic Separations 212
9.15 Conclusions 213
References 213
PART 2:APPLICATIONS 215
10 Multidimensional Chromatography:Foods,Flavours and
Fragrances Applications 217
G. Dugo,P. Dugo and L. Mondello
10.1 Introduction 217
10.2 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography (GC–GC or MDGC) 218
10.3 Multidimensional High Performance Liquid
Chromatography 231
10.4 Multidimensional Chromatography using On-Line Coupled
High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary
(High Resolution) Gas Chromatography (HPLC–HRGC) 235
10.5 Multidimensional Chromatographic Methods which
Involve the Use of Supercritical Fluids 241
10.6 Multidimensional Planar Chromatography 242
References 245
11 Multidimensional Chromatography:Biomedical and
Pharmaceutical Applications 251
G. W. Somsen and G. J. de Jong
11.1 Introduction 251
11.2 Liquid Chromatography–Liquid Chromatography 252
11.3 Solid-Phase Extraction–Liquid Chromatography 265
11.4 Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography 273
11.5 Solid-Phase Extraction–Gas Chromatography 278
11.6 Solid-Phase Microextractions Coupled with Gas
or Liquid Chromatography 280
11.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled with Supercritical
Fluid Chromatography 284
11.8 Coupled Systems Involving Capillary Electrophoresis 285
11.9 Conclusions 290
References 291
12 Industrial and Polymer Applications 303
Y. V. Kazakevich and R. LoBrutto
12.1 Introduction 303
12.2 General 304
12.3 LC–GC 304
Contents ix
12.4 LC–GC Applications 305
12.5 SEC–GC Applications 306
12.6 SEC–Reversed Phase LC Applications 315
12.7 GC–GC Applications 317
12.8 SFC–GC and Normal Phase-LC–SFC Applications 324
12.9 Normal Phase-LC–SFC Applications 324
12.10 SFC–GC Applications 325
12.11 SFC–SFC Applications 328
12.12 Conclusions 330
References 331
13 Multidimensional Chromatography in Environmental Analysis 335
R. M. Marcé
13.1 Introduction 335
13.2 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography 336
13.3 Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography 341
13.4 Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography 358
13.5 Conclusions and Trends 370
Acknowledgements 370
References 370
14 Multidimensional Chromatographic Applications in
the Oil Industry 379
J. Beens
14.1 Introduction 379
14.2 Gases 381
14.3 Gasolines and Naphthas 387
14.4 Middle Distillates 392
14.5 Residue-Containing Products 401
Acknowledgements 403
References 403
15 Multidimensional Chromatography:Forensic and
Toxicological Applications 407
15.1 Introduction 407
15.2 Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography 408
15.3 Liquid Chromatography–Liquid Chromatography 410
15.4 Gas Chromatography–Gas Chromatography 414
15.5 On-Line Sample Preparation 427
15.6 Conclusions 429
Acknowledgements 429
References 429
Index 433
Multidimensional Chromatography
Edited by Luigi Mondello,Alastair C. Lewis and Keith D. Bartle
Copyright ©2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBNs:0-471-98869-3 (Hardback); 0-470-84577-5 (Electronic)
CONTRIBUTORS
Bartle,Keith D.
School of Chemistry,University of Leeds,Woodhouse Lane,Leeds LS2 9JT,UK
Beens,Jan
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of
Sciences, Free University de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Chester,Thomas L.
The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, PO Box 538707,
Cincinnati,OH,45253-8707,USA
Corradini,Claudio
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Instituto di Cromatografia, Area della
Ricerca di Roma,Via Salaria Km. 29 300, 00016-Monterotondo Scalo, Roma,
Italy
Degen,Martha M.
Department of Chemistry,Oregon State University,Gilbert Hall 153,Corvallis,
OR,97331-4003,USA
de Jong,G. J.
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Groningen,
Antonius Deusinglaan 1,9713 AV Groningen,The Netherlands
Dugo,Giovanni
Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Framacia, Università degli Studi di
Messina,Viale Annunziata,98168-Messina,Italy
Dugo,Paola
Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Facoltà di Scienze, Università
degli Studi di Messina,Salita Sperone,98165-Messina,Italy
Kazakevich,Yuri V.
Department of Chemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue,
South Orange,NJ,07079,USA