Table Of ContentMulti-terminal High-voltage Converter
BoZhangandDongyuanQiu
SouthChinaUniversityofTechnology
Guangzhou
China
Thiseditionfirstpublished2019
©2019JohnWiley&SonsSingaporePte.Ltd
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Zhang,Bo,1962October23-author.|Qiu,Dongyuan,author.
Title:Multi-terminalhigh-voltageconverter/Prof.BoZhang,Prof.Dongyuan
Qiu.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2019.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2018028413(print)|LCCN2018042477(ebook)|ISBN
9781119188360(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119188353(ePub)|ISBN9781119188339
(hardcover)
Subjects:LCSH:Electriccurrentconverters.|Electricpower
distribution–Hightension.|Electricpowerdistribution–Directcurrent.
|Electricpowerdistribution–Alternatingcurrent.
Classification:LCCTK2796(ebook)|LCCTK2796.Z42332018(print)|DDC
621.31/3–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018028413
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
Contents
Preface xiii
1 OverviewofHigh-voltageConverters 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 ClassificationofHigh-voltageHigh-PowerConverters 5
1.2.1 Two-LevelConverters 5
1.2.2 MultilevelConverters 7
1.3 TopologiesofMultilevelConverters 8
1.3.1 Neutral-PointClampedConverter 8
1.3.2 FlyingCapacitorConverter 10
1.3.3 CascadedH-bridgeConverter 11
1.3.4 ModularMultilevelConverter 13
1.3.5 ActiveNeutral-PointClampedConverter 16
1.3.6 HybridMultilevelConverters 19
1.4 ModulationMethodsofMultilevelConverter 22
1.4.1 Space-VectorModulation 24
1.4.2 MulticarrierPulse-WidthModulation 24
1.4.3 SelectiveHarmonicEliminationModulation 25
1.4.4 Nearest-LevelControlMethod 26
1.4.5 HybridModulation 27
1.5 ArchitectureofMulti-terminalHigh-voltageConverter 27
1.6 ArrangementofthisBook 31
References 32
2 Multiple-Bridge-ModuleHigh-voltageConverters 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 ConfigurationofBridgeModule 35
2.2.1 Half-BridgeModule 36
2.2.2 Full-BridgeModule 37
2.3 Single-PhaseHalf-Bridge-ModuleHigh-voltageConverter 39
2.3.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 39
2.3.2 ControlScheme 41
2.3.3 OutputVoltageVerification 43
2.3.4 SimplifiedSingle-PhaseHalf-BridgeModule 43
2.4 Three-PhaseHalf-Bridge-ModuleHigh-voltageConverter 45
2.4.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 45
2.4.2 ControlScheme 47
2.4.3 OutputVoltageVerification 49
2.5 Three-PhaseFour-LegHalf-Bridge-ModuleHigh-voltageConverter 51
2.6 Full-Bridge-ModuleHigh-voltageConverter 51
2.7 AdvantagesofMultiple-Bridge-ModuleConverter 53
2.8 Summary 54
References 54
3 Single-InputMultiple-OutputHigh-voltageDC–ACConverters 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Single-InputDual-OutputHalf-BridgeSingle-PhaseDC–ACConverter 55
3.2.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 55
3.2.2 ControlScheme 57
3.2.3 OutputVoltageVerification 59
3.3 Single-InputDual-OutputFull-BridgeSingle-PhaseDC–ACConverter 60
3.3.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 60
3.3.2 ControlScheme 62
3.3.3 OutputVoltageVerification 62
3.4 Single-InputDual-OutputThree-PhaseDC–ACConverter 64
3.4.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 64
3.4.2 ControlScheme 64
3.4.3 OutputVoltageVerification 66
3.5 Single-InputMultiple-OutputHalf-BridgeSingle-PhaseDC–AC
Converter 67
3.5.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 67
3.5.2 ControlScheme 69
3.5.3 OutputVoltageVerification 70
3.6 Single-InputMultiple-OutputFull-BridgeSingle-PhaseDC–AC
Converter 72
3.6.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 72
3.6.2 ControlScheme 72
3.6.3 OutputVoltageVerification 75
3.7 Single-InputMultiple-OutputThree-PhaseDC–ACConverter 75
3.7.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 75
3.7.2 ControlScheme 77
3.7.3 OutputVoltageVerification 77
3.8 Summary 79
References 79
4 Multiple-InputSingle-OutputHigh-voltageAC–DCConverters 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Single-PhaseThree-ArmDual-InputSingle-OutputAC–DCConverter 81
4.2.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 81
4.2.2 ControlScheme 83
4.2.3 PerformanceVerification 84
4.3 Single-PhaseSix-ArmDual-InputSingle-OutputAC–DCConverter 84
4.3.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 84
4.3.2 ControlScheme 88
4.3.3 PerformanceVerification 89
4.4 Three-PhaseNine-ArmDual-InputSingle-OutputAC–DCConverter 93
4.4.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 93
4.4.2 ControlScheme 93
4.4.3 PerformanceVerification 95
4.5 Single-PhaseM-ArmMultiple-InputSingle-OutputAC–DCConverter 95
4.5.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 95
4.5.2 ControlScheme 98
4.5.3 PerformanceVerification 100
4.6 Single-Phase2M-ArmMultiple-InputSingle-OutputAC–DC
Converter 100
4.6.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 100
4.6.2 ControlScheme 104
4.6.3 PerformanceVerification 105
4.7 Three-Phase3M-ArmMultiple-InputSingle-OutputAC–DC
Converter 106
4.7.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 106
4.7.2 ControlScheme 106
4.7.3 PerformanceVerification 110
4.8 Summary 110
References 112
5 Multiple-InputMultiple-OutputHigh-voltageAC–ACConverters 113
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Single-PhaseSingle-InputSingle-OutputAC–ACConverter 113
5.2.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 113
5.2.2 ControlScheme 114
5.2.3 OutputVoltageVerification 117
5.3 Three-PhaseSingle-InputSingle-OutputAC–ACConverter 117
5.3.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 117
5.3.2 ControlScheme 118
5.3.3 OutputVoltageVerification 120
5.4 Single-PhaseMultiple-terminalAC–ACConverter 122
5.4.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 122
5.4.2 ControlScheme 124
5.4.3 OutputVoltageVerification 125
5.5 Three-PhaseMultiple-terminalAC–ACConverter 125
5.5.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 125
5.5.2 ControlScheme 126
5.5.3 OutputVoltageVerification 129
5.6 Summary 133
References 133
6 Multiple-terminalHigh-voltageDC–DCConverters 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Single-InputDual-OutputDC–DCConverter 135
6.2.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 135
6.2.2 ControlScheme 136
6.2.3 SimulationVerification 138
6.3 Single-InputMultiple-OutputDC–DCConverter 138
6.3.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 138
6.3.2 ControlScheme 141
6.3.3 SimulationVerification 143
6.4 Multiple-InputMultiple-OutputDC–DCConverter 143
6.5 Summary 146
References 146
7 Multiple-terminalHigh-voltageHybridConverters 147
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Six-ArmHybridConverterwithSingle-PhaseACInput 147
7.2.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 147
7.2.2 ControlScheme 149
7.2.3 SimulationVerification 151
7.3 Nine-ArmHybridConverterwithThree-PhaseACInput 151
7.3.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 151
7.3.2 ControlScheme 152
7.3.3 SimulationVerification 153
7.4 Multiple-ArmHybridConverter 153
7.4.1 BasicStructureandOperatingPrinciple 153
7.4.2 ControlScheme 158
7.5 Summary 159
References 159
8 Short-CircuitProtectionforHigh-voltageConverters 161
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 ModularDCCircuitBreaker 162
8.3 Sub-ModuleswithDCFault-HandlingCapability 165
8.3.1 Full-BridgeSub-Module 165
8.3.2 Clamp-DoubleSub-Module 166
8.3.3 Unipolar-VoltageSub-Module 167
8.3.4 Cross-ConnectedSub-Module 168
8.3.5 Series-ConnectedDoubleSub-Module 170
8.4 ConfigurationoftheHybridMulti-terminalHigh-voltageConverter 171
8.5 Summary 174
References 175
9 CommonTechniquesandApplicationsofMulti-terminalHigh-voltage
Converters 177
9.1 Introduction 177
9.2 CapacitorVoltageControlSchemeforMulti-terminalHigh-voltage
Converters 177
9.2.1 Single-InputDual-OutputDC–ACConverter 177
9.2.2 Single-PhaseMultiple-InputSingle-OutputAC–DCConverter 182
9.3 ApplicationsofMulti-terminalHigh-voltageConverter 192
9.3.1 MultipleWindTurbinesandDCBus 192
9.3.2 MultipleWindTurbinesandACBus 196
9.3.3 MultipleACMotorsandDCBus 196
9.3.4 MultipleACMotorsandACBus 196
9.4 Summary 200
References 200
Index 201
Preface
Thenoveldesignandinventionofpowerconvertertopologiesarealwaysahotresearch
topicinpowerelectronics.Uptonow,therehavebeenthousandsofpowerconverter
topologies proposed for different applications. It is found that the majority of these
topologies,however,arederivedandimprovedfromthebasicpowerelectronictopolo-
gies.IntermsofTRIZ(theoryofthesolutionofinventiveproblems)proposedbythe
former Soviet inventor G. S. Altshuller, “the original inventions in any research field
takesuponlyfourpercentofall,whiletheremainingninety-sixpercentofinventions
aretheapplicationsorcombinationsofthem.”Sincepowerconvertertopologiesdesign
belongstotheareaofinvention,itfollowstheTRIZprinciplewithoutexception.
ItisknownthatanMMC(modularmultilevelconverter)solvestheproblemofvoltage
sharingamongpowerelectronicdevicesunderhighvoltage,whileanine-switchinverter
realizesdualinputordualoutputofpowerelectronicconverters.DevelopedfromMMC
and the nine-switch converter, and combining the advantages of both, this book pro-
posesthemulti-terminalhigh-voltageconverter.Besides,Multi-terminalHigh-voltage
Converterhasuniquefeatures,asfollows:
1) It can simultaneously interface with several renewable sources such as hybrid sys-
temsofphotovoltaicpowergenerationandwindpowergeneration.
2) Itcansimultaneouslyprovideenergytomultipleloadsandtheloadscanbehybrid
systems,includingACandDCloads.
3) ItcanbeappliedtoAC–DC,DC–AC,DC–DC,andAC–ACunitsandsomecombi-
nationsaswellasconversionsofthem.
4) Itcanformanovelhigh-voltageAC/DCtransmissionnetworkandimprovetheper-
formanceofsmartgrids.
Thisbooksummarizesourachievementswithpowerconvertertopologiesinthepast
10years.Wehopethatitwillprovidenewideasforthetopologicalinventionofpower
electronicconverters,andhelpresearchersandengineersworkingonpowerelectronics
andsmartgridstoapplythesetopologiestoAC/DCpowertransmissionasaguide.
March2018 BoZhangandDongyuanQiu
SouthChinaUniversityofTechnology
Guangzhou,China
1
1
OverviewofHigh-voltageConverters
1.1 Introduction
Withthedevelopmentoflarge-scaledistributedgeneration(DG)systemsaccess,such
asphotovoltaic(PV)panels,windturbines,energystoragedevices,andelectricvehicles,
thestructureandfeaturesofpowergridsareboundtochange,whichwillbringabout
not only a series of impacts on the safe and stable operation of power grids, but also
challengesforensuringpowersupplyreliabilityandpowerquality.
InthetraditionalpowergridshowninFigure1.1a,thepowerflowisunidirectionalin
thepowergeneration,transmission,substation,distribution,supply,andothersectors.
Sincethepenetrationrateofsmall-scalePVpanels,electricvehiclechargingstations,
and energy storage stations is increasing in the power distribution side, as a result,
the electric power is allowed to flow bidirectionally in the smart grid, as shown in
Figure1.1b.
Asasmartgridisessentiallydifferentfromatraditionalpowergrid,thedevelopment
ofsmartgridsprovidesagreatopportunitytointerconnectdifferentkindsofDGsys-
temswiththegrid.Inordertoachieveabidirectionalflowofelectricityandensurethe
powerqualityofthegrid,thepowerelectronicconvertermusthavegoodperformanceas
aninterfacebetweentheDGsystemandthepowergrid.Sinceamultilevelconvertercan
extendthewell-knownadvantagesoflow-andmedium-powerpulse-widthmodulation
(PWM)convertertechnologyintohigh-voltagehigh-powerapplications,itbecomesthe
firstchoiceforgrid-connectedinterfaceconvertersandplaysanimportantroleinthe
followingthreeaspectsofsmartgrids:
1) Power generation side. The DC power generated by the large-scale PV station can
beconvertedtoACpowerandtransferredtothegridbyamultilevelconverter.The
ACpowerfromlargewindfarmscanbeconvertedintostableACpowerandthen
connectedtothegridbyatwo-stagemultilevelconverter.Large-scalestorageplants
cansupplypowertothegridandbechargedbythegridviaabidirectionalmultilevel
converter.
2) Power transmission side. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission
associated with flexible alternating current transmission (FACT) are considered
the most promising transmission technologies in smart grids. Since high-voltage
high-power power conversion is often required, both HVDC and FACT systems
were based initially on thyristor technology and more recently on fully controlled
semiconductorsandvoltage-sourcemultilevelconvertertopologies.
Electric vehicles
Industrial users
Residential users
Power generation Transmission Substation
(a) Commercial users
Figure1.1Schematicofpowergrid.(a)Traditionalpowergrid.(b)Smartgrid.
